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to view fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
to view fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences

... 20 nm in diameter. Central to gene expression is the binding of the polymerase to a specific promoter sequence on the DNA, followed by its stepwise translocation with respect to the DNA polymer during transcription and at the next level the binding and translocation of the ribosome on the messenger ...
Chapter 12 - Biotechnology
Chapter 12 - Biotechnology

Name __________________________________  Period _________________
Name __________________________________ Period _________________

... 20. How do cancer cells differ from normal body cells? Why are these differences beneficial to cancer cells and make them more difficult to remove? ...
regulation of cell cycle
regulation of cell cycle

... a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has a 3' terminal site for amino acid attachment. This covalent linkage is catalyzed by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. It also contains a three base region called the anticodon that can base pair to the corr ...
DNA Replication - Toronto District Christian High School
DNA Replication - Toronto District Christian High School

... mutations were carefully selected. This process was time-consuming. It would be much more efficient if a researcher could simply select a particular gene and mutate it as desired. Such a system was first proposed in the 1970s by Canadian scientist Michael Smith. This system, known as site-directed m ...
Chapter 12 - Biotechnology
Chapter 12 - Biotechnology

... Recombinant DNA Technology Restriction enzymes • Restriction enzymes were discovered in bacteria. Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the DNA of viruses or other bacteria. • Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been isolated. Each one cuts DNA at a specific base sequence. F ...
Chapter 13 - Angelfire
Chapter 13 - Angelfire

... • This involves cutting - or cleaving DNA from one organism into small fragments and inserting the fragments into a host organism of the same or a different species • Also called recombinant DNA ...
BIOL1003 Sample
BIOL1003 Sample

... Helicase:   Unwinds   the   DNA   and   separates   the   two   polynucleotide   strands   by   breaking   the   hydrogen   bonds   between   complementary   base  pairs.  The  two  separated  polynucleotide  strands  act  as  templates   for ...
Analytical Questions
Analytical Questions

... 8. See Figure 3.12. The work of Jacob and colleagues demonstrated the existence of an RNA molecule, messenger RNA, which transiently associates with the ribosome and directs protein synthesis. They provided evidence refuting Crick’s hypothesis that the genetic information is carried in ribosomal RN ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... (possible groups of 2)  Give an example of enzyme not mentioned in book or class and tell me name and function of said enzyme  Balance equations on the handout and list products and reactants  Other than book or class topics, let me know a specific example (real world please) of an endothermic an ...
presentation name
presentation name

... Protein vs. DNA? 1952 Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase • Blender Experiment • Bacteriophage passed on DNA to next generation, not protein • Radioactive isotopes: 32P in DNA, 35S in Protein • 2nd generation only had 32P present. • Proves DNA as genetic material! ...
Gene Cloning - Fort Bend ISD
Gene Cloning - Fort Bend ISD

... This procedure allows the identification of specific sequences of DNA. • An imprint of the DNA is made on a filter that is placed on top of the gel. • The DNA on the filter is now “denatured” and made ...
Biotech
Biotech

... – enabling plants to produce new proteins • Protect crops from insects: BT corn – corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn) ...
Algebra 1 - Edublogs
Algebra 1 - Edublogs

... your knowledge of protein synthesis. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ...
Chem 150: Review for Ch
Chem 150: Review for Ch

... What is an oligonucleotide? What is a polynucleotide? What is the backbone of the polynucleotide? What is the 5’-end and 3’-end of a nucleic acid strand? What bases are used in RNA, and those in DNA? What sugar is used in RNA, and the one in DNA? Can you distinguish between a polynucleotide that is ...
II. Amino acid SEQUENCE
II. Amino acid SEQUENCE

... A. Amine groups of amino acids are added to carboxyl groups of the peptide chain 1. Dehydration synthesis reaction 2. Peptide bond formation 3. Catalyzed by ribosomes ...
Recombinant DNA technology article
Recombinant DNA technology article

... Diabetics are unable to produce satisfactory amounts of insulin, which facilitates the processing of sugars from food into energy that the body can use. In the past, diabetics needed to take insulin purified from pigs and cows to fulfill their insulin requirement. However, non-human insulin causes a ...
document
document

... Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome Recombinant plasmid ...
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology

... of the egg. These mRNAs are inactive due to masking by proteins. Fertilization of the egg initiates unmasking and translation of these mRNAs. • Availability of specific tRNAs – In the embryonic development of a hornworm, an mRNA is present from day 1 but a specific tRNA needed for its translation is ...
Topic 14: Protein Synthesis
Topic 14: Protein Synthesis

... 1. roughly 80 nucleotides long 2. at the 3’ end in a site where a particular amino acid will be attached 3. consists of three loops; the middle of which corresponds to a site known as the anticodon site; it has base sequence that is complementary to codons on the mRNA 4. there are 41 different tRNA’ ...
Natural selection
Natural selection

EOC review packet answers Biology EOC
EOC review packet answers Biology EOC

... consists of 4 bases: adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. DNA is a double stranded helix that contains the sugar deoxyribose. RNA is single stranded and contains the sugar ribose. 30. Draw and label the double helix structure. 31. What does the sequence of nucleotides in DNA code for? - proteins 3 ...
SPRI_buffers_v2_2
SPRI_buffers_v2_2

... EDTA and citrate may interfere with some enzymatic reactions by sequestering divalent cations such as Mg2+ and Mn2+. These ions may damage nucleic acids or activate contaminating nucleases. On the other hand, sequestering these ions may interfere with downstream reactions that require them; if so, y ...
Biological process: up-regulated with growth rate Fig. S5 < = 2e 2e
Biological process: up-regulated with growth rate Fig. S5 < = 2e 2e

... Ribosome biogenesis and assembly Ribosome assembly ...
Eukaryotic Gene Control
Eukaryotic Gene Control

... “base” rate of transcription distant control sequences on DNA binding of activator proteins “enhanced” rate (high level) of transcription ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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