Mitochondrial DNA
... These primers then attract the polymerase, which binds to the 3’ end of each primer and proceeds to create a complementary strand to each of the two template strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Only DNA containing the target sequence is copied, because Taq polymerase can only bind to sections with a ...
... These primers then attract the polymerase, which binds to the 3’ end of each primer and proceeds to create a complementary strand to each of the two template strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Only DNA containing the target sequence is copied, because Taq polymerase can only bind to sections with a ...
Section Title – One Line Preferred, Two Line Maximum
... These features make PCR extremely useful in basic research and commercial applications, including genetic identity testing, forensics, industrial quality control and in vitro diagnostics. ...
... These features make PCR extremely useful in basic research and commercial applications, including genetic identity testing, forensics, industrial quality control and in vitro diagnostics. ...
Control in cells and in organisms June 2011
... Although specific marks are not awarded in questions 1 – 9, marks awarded will take in to account the quality of written communication. Credit will only be awarded where candidates have presented information clearly and coherently and have used the specialist vocabulary indicated in the mark scheme ...
... Although specific marks are not awarded in questions 1 – 9, marks awarded will take in to account the quality of written communication. Credit will only be awarded where candidates have presented information clearly and coherently and have used the specialist vocabulary indicated in the mark scheme ...
antimicrobial drugs
... Describe what is meant by invasiveness and the mechanisms and factors that affect invasiveness (adherence, penetration, avoidance of phagocytosis, ability to cause damage). ...
... Describe what is meant by invasiveness and the mechanisms and factors that affect invasiveness (adherence, penetration, avoidance of phagocytosis, ability to cause damage). ...
What is a Protein?
... The basic structure of every amino acid is the same. Each amino acid contains an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). The only difference between one amino acid and the next is the “R” group. “R” represents the “Radical” side chain that is different for each amino acid. The “R” group ca ...
... The basic structure of every amino acid is the same. Each amino acid contains an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). The only difference between one amino acid and the next is the “R” group. “R” represents the “Radical” side chain that is different for each amino acid. The “R” group ca ...
Amino acids 1
... Water is very happy in bulk water because there it has on average 3.6 H-bonds and about six degrees of freedom. So, whenever we discuss protein structure, folding, and stability, it is all the entropy of water, and that is called the hydrophobic effect. ...
... Water is very happy in bulk water because there it has on average 3.6 H-bonds and about six degrees of freedom. So, whenever we discuss protein structure, folding, and stability, it is all the entropy of water, and that is called the hydrophobic effect. ...
Patents and Synthetic Biology
... Description and Enablement 35 U.S.C. 112, first paragraph “The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or w ...
... Description and Enablement 35 U.S.C. 112, first paragraph “The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or w ...
24 GENETICS AND SOCIETY MODULE - 3
... By the mid 20th century, DNA was established as the genetic material and structure and chemical nature of DNA was understood [recall the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick] The central dogma of molecular biology holds that genetic information resides in DNA, but it ...
... By the mid 20th century, DNA was established as the genetic material and structure and chemical nature of DNA was understood [recall the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick] The central dogma of molecular biology holds that genetic information resides in DNA, but it ...
LECTURE #20: Bacterial Transformation and Gel
... What is Bacterial Transformation? • Transformation – “Naked” Plasmids (present in environment) are taken up by certain bacteria – Viruses are NOT used in this method! ...
... What is Bacterial Transformation? • Transformation – “Naked” Plasmids (present in environment) are taken up by certain bacteria – Viruses are NOT used in this method! ...
AS Biology - TavistockCollegeScience
... Cellulose makes up plant cell walls It is a structural polysaccharide It is made up of β glucose where OH is above the ring In order to form a glycosidic bond the other glucose must be upside down. The bond formed is a β1-4 glycosidic bond ...
... Cellulose makes up plant cell walls It is a structural polysaccharide It is made up of β glucose where OH is above the ring In order to form a glycosidic bond the other glucose must be upside down. The bond formed is a β1-4 glycosidic bond ...
pARA-R Restriction Digest: An Introduction to Plasmids and
... An Introduction to Plasmids and Restriction Enzymes ...
... An Introduction to Plasmids and Restriction Enzymes ...
Automating the Promega Wizard® SV 96 Plasmid DNA Purification
... isolation of plasmid DNA in a silica-membrane, 96-well, high-throughput format. Figure 2 shows a flow diagram of plasmid DNA isolation and purification using this system (1). Up to 96 plasmid samples can be processed in 30 minutes or less. The purified plasmid can then be used directly for automated ...
... isolation of plasmid DNA in a silica-membrane, 96-well, high-throughput format. Figure 2 shows a flow diagram of plasmid DNA isolation and purification using this system (1). Up to 96 plasmid samples can be processed in 30 minutes or less. The purified plasmid can then be used directly for automated ...
Origins of Life PDF
... During this time, errors occurred when RNA copied itself. The changed sequences allowed the offspring to fold in a slightly different manner. Some errors allowed the RNA to replicate itself more quickly than its parent, perhaps by being able to bind more quickly to free floating ribonucleotides nece ...
... During this time, errors occurred when RNA copied itself. The changed sequences allowed the offspring to fold in a slightly different manner. Some errors allowed the RNA to replicate itself more quickly than its parent, perhaps by being able to bind more quickly to free floating ribonucleotides nece ...
chapter 7 mutation and repair of dna
... the substrate, forming 5-methyl-CpG (Fig. 7.8). When 5-methyl cytosine undergoes oxidative deamination, the result is 5-methyl uracil, which is the same as thymine. The surveillance system that recognizes U’s in DNA does nothing to the T, since it is a normal component of DNA. Hence the oxidation of ...
... the substrate, forming 5-methyl-CpG (Fig. 7.8). When 5-methyl cytosine undergoes oxidative deamination, the result is 5-methyl uracil, which is the same as thymine. The surveillance system that recognizes U’s in DNA does nothing to the T, since it is a normal component of DNA. Hence the oxidation of ...
RNA polymerase I
... quantities, the cell can allocate its resources to other uses. • Inducible enzymes usually function in catabolic pathways, digesting nutrients to simpler molecules. – By producing the appropriate enzymes only when the nutrient is available, the cell avoids making proteins that have nothing to do. • ...
... quantities, the cell can allocate its resources to other uses. • Inducible enzymes usually function in catabolic pathways, digesting nutrients to simpler molecules. – By producing the appropriate enzymes only when the nutrient is available, the cell avoids making proteins that have nothing to do. • ...
Review Questions
... remove the dimer, and replace it with correct DNA. Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disorder in which a person is born without the exonuclease that repairs thymine-thymine dimers. The affected are highly susceptible to skin cancers if they are exposed to UV light. During the day they must remain i ...
... remove the dimer, and replace it with correct DNA. Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disorder in which a person is born without the exonuclease that repairs thymine-thymine dimers. The affected are highly susceptible to skin cancers if they are exposed to UV light. During the day they must remain i ...
Chapter 20
... many people with a certain genetic condition to try to find nucleotide changes specific to the condition • Genetic markers called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) occur on average every 100– 300 base pairs • SNPs can be detected by PCR, and any SNP shared by people affected with a disorder but ...
... many people with a certain genetic condition to try to find nucleotide changes specific to the condition • Genetic markers called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) occur on average every 100– 300 base pairs • SNPs can be detected by PCR, and any SNP shared by people affected with a disorder but ...
Review #2
... How many introns are in genes? What is the relative size of introns vs. exons? What is alternative splicing? How frequent is this process? How many proteins can be made for one gene? Why does the DSCAM gene in Drosophila make so many proteins? What are the necessary parts of an intron? What are the ...
... How many introns are in genes? What is the relative size of introns vs. exons? What is alternative splicing? How frequent is this process? How many proteins can be made for one gene? Why does the DSCAM gene in Drosophila make so many proteins? What are the necessary parts of an intron? What are the ...
Practice - Long Free Response Question Honors Biology Cystic
... possible genotypes/phenotypes in your comparison. 3) Does the sex of the child affect the probability of getting CF – explain based on your knowledge of genes and chromosomes. Located on human chromosome 7, the CFTR gene is made up of 250,000 DNA nucleotides. CFTR stands for Cystic Fibrosis Transmem ...
... possible genotypes/phenotypes in your comparison. 3) Does the sex of the child affect the probability of getting CF – explain based on your knowledge of genes and chromosomes. Located on human chromosome 7, the CFTR gene is made up of 250,000 DNA nucleotides. CFTR stands for Cystic Fibrosis Transmem ...
Chpt7_RepairDNA.doc
... the substrate, forming 5-methyl-CpG (Fig. 7.8). When 5-methyl cytosine undergoes oxidative deamination, the result is 5-methyl uracil, which is the same as thymine. The surveillance system that recognizes U’s in DNA does nothing to the T, since it is a normal component of DNA. Hence the oxidation of ...
... the substrate, forming 5-methyl-CpG (Fig. 7.8). When 5-methyl cytosine undergoes oxidative deamination, the result is 5-methyl uracil, which is the same as thymine. The surveillance system that recognizes U’s in DNA does nothing to the T, since it is a normal component of DNA. Hence the oxidation of ...
Exam 1 with Key
... I. Short Answer/Problems: Please write complete but concise answers to questions. Show all work for calculations. Partial credit will be given based on the work or answers provided. 1. (24 pts) When acetylcholine is incubated with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine is quantitatively conv ...
... I. Short Answer/Problems: Please write complete but concise answers to questions. Show all work for calculations. Partial credit will be given based on the work or answers provided. 1. (24 pts) When acetylcholine is incubated with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine is quantitatively conv ...
Nucleic acid analogue
Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.