Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... main difference between the two is that in classical conditioning the outcome (e.g., food) does not depend on the animal’s actions, whereas in instrumental conditioning it does. The archetypal account of instrumental conditioning is Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this law, in instrum ...
... main difference between the two is that in classical conditioning the outcome (e.g., food) does not depend on the animal’s actions, whereas in instrumental conditioning it does. The archetypal account of instrumental conditioning is Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this law, in instrum ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... ability to treat the HF condition and its cardiovascular ...
... ability to treat the HF condition and its cardiovascular ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... Received 12 February 2007 Accepted 13 April 2007 www.nature.com/clinicalpractice doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0530 ...
... Received 12 February 2007 Accepted 13 April 2007 www.nature.com/clinicalpractice doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0530 ...
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... and that neural activity is correlated with spatial attention allocation to stimuli associated with reward. Of course, subjects often exhibit enhanced attention to stimuli threatening aversive events, a behavior that may be mediated by the amygdala as well. In humans, an intact amygdala is vital for ...
... and that neural activity is correlated with spatial attention allocation to stimuli associated with reward. Of course, subjects often exhibit enhanced attention to stimuli threatening aversive events, a behavior that may be mediated by the amygdala as well. In humans, an intact amygdala is vital for ...
Cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the brain regions of
... The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. Then, the proteins were transferred onto ...
... The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. Then, the proteins were transferred onto ...
Mirror Neuron System in Monkey: A Computational Modeling
... It has thus been argued that the importance of mirror neurons is that they provide a neural representation that is common to execution and observation of grasping actions and thus that these neurons are crucial to the social interactions of monkeys, providing the basis for understanding of actions b ...
... It has thus been argued that the importance of mirror neurons is that they provide a neural representation that is common to execution and observation of grasping actions and thus that these neurons are crucial to the social interactions of monkeys, providing the basis for understanding of actions b ...
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... feature descriptors are quite selective for a target shape but limited in tolerance to the object transformations. The histogram-based descriptors, for an example, the SIFT features, show great tolerance to the object transformations but such feature detectors are not complete in the sense that they ...
... feature descriptors are quite selective for a target shape but limited in tolerance to the object transformations. The histogram-based descriptors, for an example, the SIFT features, show great tolerance to the object transformations but such feature detectors are not complete in the sense that they ...
How is Epilepsy Diagnosed?
... means "to seize upon", "to attack". Thus epilepsy is a seizure or rather a disease which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures th ...
... means "to seize upon", "to attack". Thus epilepsy is a seizure or rather a disease which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures th ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... and behavioral studies on non-human primates. Many studies found that if regions of the frontal lobe sustained damage, either through lesions or through reversible inactivation, short term memory was affected adversely (Blum, 1952; Harlow et al., 1952; Mishkin, 1957; Fuster and Alexander, 1970; Gold ...
... and behavioral studies on non-human primates. Many studies found that if regions of the frontal lobe sustained damage, either through lesions or through reversible inactivation, short term memory was affected adversely (Blum, 1952; Harlow et al., 1952; Mishkin, 1957; Fuster and Alexander, 1970; Gold ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... In an avoidance task, the rats were trained initially to lick a spout that was extended automatically for 2 sec without being signaled by any sensory stimulus. If the rat did not lick within 2 sec after spout protrusion, electric shock was delivered. No rewards were delivered during these trials, so ...
... In an avoidance task, the rats were trained initially to lick a spout that was extended automatically for 2 sec without being signaled by any sensory stimulus. If the rat did not lick within 2 sec after spout protrusion, electric shock was delivered. No rewards were delivered during these trials, so ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... whole, greater loss of cholinergic fibers was detected in supragranular layers and in fibers oriented vertical to the cortical surface. These results indicate that cholinomimetic therapies are likely to have different effects on cholinergic transmission in various cortical areas. The precise mechani ...
... whole, greater loss of cholinergic fibers was detected in supragranular layers and in fibers oriented vertical to the cortical surface. These results indicate that cholinomimetic therapies are likely to have different effects on cholinergic transmission in various cortical areas. The precise mechani ...
I Know What You Are Doing: A - Università degli Studi di Parma
... observation of one action only, while the remainders responded to the observation of two actions. Neurons responding to grasping and holding and to grasping and manipulating typically started to discharge at the end of the hand transport phase, while grasping neurons started to discharge either at t ...
... observation of one action only, while the remainders responded to the observation of two actions. Neurons responding to grasping and holding and to grasping and manipulating typically started to discharge at the end of the hand transport phase, while grasping neurons started to discharge either at t ...
Processing Prosodic Boundaries in Natural and
... correct, and spoken with natural prosody. To ensure variability in the sentence materials used with regard to the position of the additional IPB, 2 types of sentence pairs were constructed, one type with the additional IPB at an early position within the sentence (type A), the other type at a later ...
... correct, and spoken with natural prosody. To ensure variability in the sentence materials used with regard to the position of the additional IPB, 2 types of sentence pairs were constructed, one type with the additional IPB at an early position within the sentence (type A), the other type at a later ...
Study Objectives
... 7. Define and distinguish anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. 8. Describe the brain surgery that H.M. underwent and why. 9. Summarize the characteristics of temporal lobe amnesia. 10. Describe the symptoms that characterize Korsakoff’s syndrome. 11. Describe and discuss the most common cause ...
... 7. Define and distinguish anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. 8. Describe the brain surgery that H.M. underwent and why. 9. Summarize the characteristics of temporal lobe amnesia. 10. Describe the symptoms that characterize Korsakoff’s syndrome. 11. Describe and discuss the most common cause ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... pondence. Projections of the lateral geniculate body to the occipital cortex were also shown by Clark (I932) and Waller (I934). Recent electrophysiological studies of the visual system of the rat have demonstrated that the primary visual area has a distinct and precisely arranged retinotopic organiz ...
... pondence. Projections of the lateral geniculate body to the occipital cortex were also shown by Clark (I932) and Waller (I934). Recent electrophysiological studies of the visual system of the rat have demonstrated that the primary visual area has a distinct and precisely arranged retinotopic organiz ...
PPT
... • In PRR & LIP in the posterior parietal cortex – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar t ...
... • In PRR & LIP in the posterior parietal cortex – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar t ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... wavelength, as would be the case in a colorblind system. Torus longitudinalis (see below), which is closely interconnected with tectum, is such a colorblind system. Moreover, some tectal cells can be excited by one range of wavelengths while being inhibited by another. Such qualitative response diff ...
... wavelength, as would be the case in a colorblind system. Torus longitudinalis (see below), which is closely interconnected with tectum, is such a colorblind system. Moreover, some tectal cells can be excited by one range of wavelengths while being inhibited by another. Such qualitative response diff ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... of the S1 barrel cortex as an encoder for exclusively contralateral whisker activity will need to be refined or replaced. Previous behavioral experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that rats can integrate whisker signals from both sides of the face in a tactile discrimination task (Krupa et ...
... of the S1 barrel cortex as an encoder for exclusively contralateral whisker activity will need to be refined or replaced. Previous behavioral experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that rats can integrate whisker signals from both sides of the face in a tactile discrimination task (Krupa et ...
Neural Basis of Brain Dysfunction Produced by Early Sleep Problems
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... Thus, acetylcholine appears to increase spiking activity in inhibitory interneurons, while decreasing synaptic transmission from these neurons. These effects appear somewhat paradoxical, but as demonstrated in Figure 4, computational modeling provides a framework for understanding such a combination ...
... Thus, acetylcholine appears to increase spiking activity in inhibitory interneurons, while decreasing synaptic transmission from these neurons. These effects appear somewhat paradoxical, but as demonstrated in Figure 4, computational modeling provides a framework for understanding such a combination ...
Reflecting on the debate
... Graesser and Jackson (Chapter 3) who quantify the time needed for on-line updating of situation models: 'It takes approximately 300-1000 milliseconds to construct a new referent in a discourse space, several hundred milliseconds to move an entity from one location to another, a few hundred more mill ...
... Graesser and Jackson (Chapter 3) who quantify the time needed for on-line updating of situation models: 'It takes approximately 300-1000 milliseconds to construct a new referent in a discourse space, several hundred milliseconds to move an entity from one location to another, a few hundred more mill ...
A Neural Model of MST and MT Explains Perceived Object Motion
... To intercept targets, we must perceive the motion of objects that move independently from us as we move through the environment. Although our self-motion substantially alters the motion of objects on the retina, compelling evidence indicates that the visual system at least partially compensates for ...
... To intercept targets, we must perceive the motion of objects that move independently from us as we move through the environment. Although our self-motion substantially alters the motion of objects on the retina, compelling evidence indicates that the visual system at least partially compensates for ...
Mapping the Brain
... Cornelia I Bargmann1 & Eve Marder2,3 In this Historical Perspective, we ask what information is needed beyond connectivity diagrams to understand the function of nervous systems. Informed by invertebrate circuits whose connectivities are known, we highlight the importance of neuronal dynamics and ne ...
... Cornelia I Bargmann1 & Eve Marder2,3 In this Historical Perspective, we ask what information is needed beyond connectivity diagrams to understand the function of nervous systems. Informed by invertebrate circuits whose connectivities are known, we highlight the importance of neuronal dynamics and ne ...
Neuroesthetics
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic perceptions of art and music. Neuroesthetics received its formal definition in 2002 as the scientific study of the neural bases for the contemplation and creation of a work of art. Neuroesthetics uses neuroscience to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences at the neurological level. The topic attracts scholars from many disciplines including neuroscientists, art historians, artists, and psychologists.