Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 87. Trace the projections of the visual hemifields onto the retina (nasal/temporal). NEU 88. Diagram the central visual pathways. NEU 89. Draw the retino-thalamo-cortical pathway. NEU 90. Explain how the crossing of optic nerve fibers accounts for visual field representations at each stage. NEU ...
... NEU 87. Trace the projections of the visual hemifields onto the retina (nasal/temporal). NEU 88. Diagram the central visual pathways. NEU 89. Draw the retino-thalamo-cortical pathway. NEU 90. Explain how the crossing of optic nerve fibers accounts for visual field representations at each stage. NEU ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... The fact that tinnitus is consciously perceived as a sound suggests that central auditory neural networks activity must be involved (Eichhammer, 2007; Shulman et al., 2006; Eggermont & Roberts, 2004; Eggermont, 2003; Lockwood et al., 2002; Reyes, 2002; Jastreboff, 1990). Abnormal increase in functio ...
... The fact that tinnitus is consciously perceived as a sound suggests that central auditory neural networks activity must be involved (Eichhammer, 2007; Shulman et al., 2006; Eggermont & Roberts, 2004; Eggermont, 2003; Lockwood et al., 2002; Reyes, 2002; Jastreboff, 1990). Abnormal increase in functio ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... 853–951, 2015. Published June 24, 2015; doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014.—Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals ...
... 853–951, 2015. Published June 24, 2015; doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014.—Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... other biogenic amines, is determined by the bioavailability of the precursor; histidine is taken up into the cerebrospinal fluid and neurons through L-amino acid transporters (Fig. 2). HDC activity can be inhibited by ␣-fluoromethylhistidine (␣-FMH), a suicide substrate leading to a marked depressio ...
... other biogenic amines, is determined by the bioavailability of the precursor; histidine is taken up into the cerebrospinal fluid and neurons through L-amino acid transporters (Fig. 2). HDC activity can be inhibited by ␣-fluoromethylhistidine (␣-FMH), a suicide substrate leading to a marked depressio ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... The operational principles by which the brain integrates signals from various senses ensure that they are combined in useful ways. For example, the responses of multisensory neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC), and the detection/localization behaviors they mediate, are markedly enhanced ...
... The operational principles by which the brain integrates signals from various senses ensure that they are combined in useful ways. For example, the responses of multisensory neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC), and the detection/localization behaviors they mediate, are markedly enhanced ...
Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings
... detected. Performance was facilitated (i.e., the target could be detected at a lower loudness) when the pitch of the image matched the pitch of the target. Furthermore, when the image was generated prior to the presentation of the target, this facilitation was increased. Okada and Matsuoka (1992) ha ...
... detected. Performance was facilitated (i.e., the target could be detected at a lower loudness) when the pitch of the image matched the pitch of the target. Furthermore, when the image was generated prior to the presentation of the target, this facilitation was increased. Okada and Matsuoka (1992) ha ...
GLAUCOMA
... approximately 40 mm Hg at which level the likelihood of damage is significant. Visual fields are also not helpful in the early stages of diagnosis because a considerable number of neurons must be lost before VF changes can be detected. Optic nerve damage in the early stages is difficult or impossibl ...
... approximately 40 mm Hg at which level the likelihood of damage is significant. Visual fields are also not helpful in the early stages of diagnosis because a considerable number of neurons must be lost before VF changes can be detected. Optic nerve damage in the early stages is difficult or impossibl ...
Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus for
... Within the saccadic system, two of the most intensively studied areas are the frontal eye field (FEF) in prefrontal cortex and the SC on the roof of the midbrain, and in the present experiments we have concentrated on the functional interaction between these two areas in the monkey. Investigating th ...
... Within the saccadic system, two of the most intensively studied areas are the frontal eye field (FEF) in prefrontal cortex and the SC on the roof of the midbrain, and in the present experiments we have concentrated on the functional interaction between these two areas in the monkey. Investigating th ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... several brain regions that showed learning-related changes (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Wood et al., 2012). For example, UCS expectancy increased during the CS and the amplitude of the fMRI signal response to the UCS within these brain regions decreased (Dunsmoor et al., 2008). Similar findings have been ...
... several brain regions that showed learning-related changes (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Wood et al., 2012). For example, UCS expectancy increased during the CS and the amplitude of the fMRI signal response to the UCS within these brain regions decreased (Dunsmoor et al., 2008). Similar findings have been ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... Importantly, the ‘thalamic preparation’ may damage the ventral pallidum, which is part of the telencephalon, raising the possibility that ventral pallidum damage might similarly be responsible for the thalamic animal’s aversion to sucrose. The importance to positive hedonic reactions of a ventral te ...
... Importantly, the ‘thalamic preparation’ may damage the ventral pallidum, which is part of the telencephalon, raising the possibility that ventral pallidum damage might similarly be responsible for the thalamic animal’s aversion to sucrose. The importance to positive hedonic reactions of a ventral te ...
Corpus Callosum
... - an improved corpus callosum helps with executive skills memory problem solving and overall brain function regardless of how old you are, what is the corpus callosum with pictures wisegeek - the corpus callosum is a huge bundle of nerve fibers found in mammalian brains it connects the left and righ ...
... - an improved corpus callosum helps with executive skills memory problem solving and overall brain function regardless of how old you are, what is the corpus callosum with pictures wisegeek - the corpus callosum is a huge bundle of nerve fibers found in mammalian brains it connects the left and righ ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... peak phrenic activity could only be compared for a subset of the preparations after some experimental perturbations. In these procedures, requiring extended times for completion, it was necessary to reposition the recording electrode periodically. Hence, changes in values of peak phrenic activity co ...
... peak phrenic activity could only be compared for a subset of the preparations after some experimental perturbations. In these procedures, requiring extended times for completion, it was necessary to reposition the recording electrode periodically. Hence, changes in values of peak phrenic activity co ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... stimulus for the induction of plasticity. The authors wanted to determine whether the effects of MD would be enhanced by a period of sleep occurring immediately thereafter. Both optical imaging of intrinsic cortical signals and extra-cellular unit recording showed that sleep nearly doubled the effec ...
... stimulus for the induction of plasticity. The authors wanted to determine whether the effects of MD would be enhanced by a period of sleep occurring immediately thereafter. Both optical imaging of intrinsic cortical signals and extra-cellular unit recording showed that sleep nearly doubled the effec ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to the environment. It is likely that this makes them more vulnerable to insult and necessitates their regenerative c ...
... cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to the environment. It is likely that this makes them more vulnerable to insult and necessitates their regenerative c ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
The Anatomy of the Posterior Commissure
... tic radiation was closely surrounded in all cases by an inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe a ...
... tic radiation was closely surrounded in all cases by an inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe a ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
to the Proceedings
... Humans, like all primates, take great interest in faces. Faces, by structure and dynamics, display a plethora of social information for a visual system that can extract it. The primate visual system does this through specialized hardware. The functional organization of this hardware, a network of ti ...
... Humans, like all primates, take great interest in faces. Faces, by structure and dynamics, display a plethora of social information for a visual system that can extract it. The primate visual system does this through specialized hardware. The functional organization of this hardware, a network of ti ...
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... Furthermore, elevated thrombin levels of the CNS have not only been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, but also to multiple sclerosis (MS), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related dementia (HIVD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In addition to its impact on many neuroinflammatory and neurodegener ...
... Furthermore, elevated thrombin levels of the CNS have not only been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, but also to multiple sclerosis (MS), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related dementia (HIVD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In addition to its impact on many neuroinflammatory and neurodegener ...
Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... Natural olfactory stimuli occur as mixtures of many single odors. We studied whether the representation of a mixture in the brain retains single-odor information and how much mixture-specific information it includes. To understand mixture representation in the honeybee brain, we used in vivo calcium ...
... Natural olfactory stimuli occur as mixtures of many single odors. We studied whether the representation of a mixture in the brain retains single-odor information and how much mixture-specific information it includes. To understand mixture representation in the honeybee brain, we used in vivo calcium ...
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... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disease characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Converging data from different studies point to ADHD abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits. Structural neuroimaging studies partially support f ...
... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disease characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Converging data from different studies point to ADHD abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits. Structural neuroimaging studies partially support f ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... such as an elevation of serum/plasma TSH levels (Kobayashi et al. 2001, Sasaki et al. 2007), but they have a reduction in serum/plasma thyroxin (T4) levels (Yoshida et al. 1994, Kobayashi et al. 2001), and a characteristic pause of growth with the delay of pubertal growth onset (Yoshida et al. 1994) ...
... such as an elevation of serum/plasma TSH levels (Kobayashi et al. 2001, Sasaki et al. 2007), but they have a reduction in serum/plasma thyroxin (T4) levels (Yoshida et al. 1994, Kobayashi et al. 2001), and a characteristic pause of growth with the delay of pubertal growth onset (Yoshida et al. 1994) ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... from different thalamic nuclei select and invade their cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical target area in a zone called the subplate. This zone also ...
... from different thalamic nuclei select and invade their cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical target area in a zone called the subplate. This zone also ...
A network of topographic numerosity maps in human
... dividing attention5, decision making6 and mathematics7-9. Here we use ultrahigh-field (7T) fMRI and neural model-based analyses to reveal numerosityselective neural populations organized into six widely separated topographic maps in each hemisphere. Although we describe subtle differences between th ...
... dividing attention5, decision making6 and mathematics7-9. Here we use ultrahigh-field (7T) fMRI and neural model-based analyses to reveal numerosityselective neural populations organized into six widely separated topographic maps in each hemisphere. Although we describe subtle differences between th ...
Neuroesthetics
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic perceptions of art and music. Neuroesthetics received its formal definition in 2002 as the scientific study of the neural bases for the contemplation and creation of a work of art. Neuroesthetics uses neuroscience to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences at the neurological level. The topic attracts scholars from many disciplines including neuroscientists, art historians, artists, and psychologists.