The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... defining the boundaries of the thalamus are as follows: the third ventricle serves as the medial boundary, and the internal capsule separates the thalamus from the basal ganglia laterally; superiorly the thalamus is bound by the lateral ventricle, and inferiorly a number of distinctive structures a ...
... defining the boundaries of the thalamus are as follows: the third ventricle serves as the medial boundary, and the internal capsule separates the thalamus from the basal ganglia laterally; superiorly the thalamus is bound by the lateral ventricle, and inferiorly a number of distinctive structures a ...
Effort and Valuation in the Brain
... line would appear at the top of the force level indicator informing them that their motor execution was successful. After a further 1 s delay they were presented with a 1 s presentation of a monetary outcome, which could either be 20, 0, or ⫺20 pence (outcome phase). Outcome proportions for correct ...
... line would appear at the top of the force level indicator informing them that their motor execution was successful. After a further 1 s delay they were presented with a 1 s presentation of a monetary outcome, which could either be 20, 0, or ⫺20 pence (outcome phase). Outcome proportions for correct ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... Figure 4. Increase of reward responses of amygdala neurons with increasing reward prediction (increasing instantaneous reward probability). Same code as in figure 3. (a) Single neuron. (b) Averaged population responses (n ¼ 25 neurons) (adapted from [55]). (Online version in colour.) depends on the ...
... Figure 4. Increase of reward responses of amygdala neurons with increasing reward prediction (increasing instantaneous reward probability). Same code as in figure 3. (a) Single neuron. (b) Averaged population responses (n ¼ 25 neurons) (adapted from [55]). (Online version in colour.) depends on the ...
Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... Changes in neuromodulators during NREM sleep (in particular reduced levels of arousal-related neurotransmitters) lead cortical and thalamic neurons to enter in a “bistable” state. In this condition, a spontaneous or induced opening of leakage K+ channels triggers a series of membrane currents that p ...
... Changes in neuromodulators during NREM sleep (in particular reduced levels of arousal-related neurotransmitters) lead cortical and thalamic neurons to enter in a “bistable” state. In this condition, a spontaneous or induced opening of leakage K+ channels triggers a series of membrane currents that p ...
Hands Up: Attentional Prioritization of Space Near the Hand
... and integration of explicit sensory cues. They demonstrated that a spatial cue in one modality could direct attention to a similarly located target presented in a different modality. In a typical crossmodal cuing study, spatially nonpredictive visual cues were presented near a participant’s hand and ...
... and integration of explicit sensory cues. They demonstrated that a spatial cue in one modality could direct attention to a similarly located target presented in a different modality. In a typical crossmodal cuing study, spatially nonpredictive visual cues were presented near a participant’s hand and ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... properties. In normal animals, many neurons are driven exclusively through one eye or the other, as shown in figure 7 (left). In contrast, in TTX-treated animals nearly all neurons in the cortex were driven well through both eyes, as shown in figure 7 (right). These experiments suggested that the no ...
... properties. In normal animals, many neurons are driven exclusively through one eye or the other, as shown in figure 7 (left). In contrast, in TTX-treated animals nearly all neurons in the cortex were driven well through both eyes, as shown in figure 7 (right). These experiments suggested that the no ...
The Wick in the Candle of Learning
... provided their initial guesses outside of the scanner upon completion of the task. fMRI Acquisition and Analysis Data were acquired using a 3-T Siemens (Erlangen, Germany) Trio scanner at Caltech. A set of high-resolution (0.5 0.5 1.0 mm3) T1-weighted anatomical images was first acquired to enab ...
... provided their initial guesses outside of the scanner upon completion of the task. fMRI Acquisition and Analysis Data were acquired using a 3-T Siemens (Erlangen, Germany) Trio scanner at Caltech. A set of high-resolution (0.5 0.5 1.0 mm3) T1-weighted anatomical images was first acquired to enab ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... cell in the model is smaller than the real values that were estimated to be in the range 30–100 (Alonso et al. 2001; Peters and Payne 1993). Also, the degree of elongation of receptive fields in the model does not match that of V1 simple cells (Ringach 2004). Moreover, it is not clear how the two pa ...
... cell in the model is smaller than the real values that were estimated to be in the range 30–100 (Alonso et al. 2001; Peters and Payne 1993). Also, the degree of elongation of receptive fields in the model does not match that of V1 simple cells (Ringach 2004). Moreover, it is not clear how the two pa ...
LFP Power Spectra in V1 Cortex: The Graded Effect of Stimulus
... clarify the conditions under which gamma-band components of the LFP specifically distinguish themselves from the other LFP components as well as to explore what information the LFP can lend to our understanding of the spike responses when they are both recorded within the same paradigm by which prev ...
... clarify the conditions under which gamma-band components of the LFP specifically distinguish themselves from the other LFP components as well as to explore what information the LFP can lend to our understanding of the spike responses when they are both recorded within the same paradigm by which prev ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... is the pattern of connection between eulaminate areas with different laminar organization? What is the relative distribution of projection neurons or axonal terminals in different layers when structurally distinct cortices, in general, are connected? The present study addresses these questions by fo ...
... is the pattern of connection between eulaminate areas with different laminar organization? What is the relative distribution of projection neurons or axonal terminals in different layers when structurally distinct cortices, in general, are connected? The present study addresses these questions by fo ...
The Role of Temporal Structure in Human Vision
... Smith, Howell, & Stanley, 1982). Or consider another, slightly more complicated stimulus sequence, where a stimulus appears for 100 msec at one location, disappears very briefly, and then reappears for 100 msec at another, nearby location. If the two events occur within 20 msec or so of one another, ...
... Smith, Howell, & Stanley, 1982). Or consider another, slightly more complicated stimulus sequence, where a stimulus appears for 100 msec at one location, disappears very briefly, and then reappears for 100 msec at another, nearby location. If the two events occur within 20 msec or so of one another, ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... in layer V. This view, if true, would invalidate a great deal of dACC neurophysiology. By Vogt’s schema, then, the dorsal CMA is misnamed; it is not a cingulate motor area but, instead, is part of area 6. However, one problem with this classification is that the CMAs have seemingly clear human homol ...
... in layer V. This view, if true, would invalidate a great deal of dACC neurophysiology. By Vogt’s schema, then, the dorsal CMA is misnamed; it is not a cingulate motor area but, instead, is part of area 6. However, one problem with this classification is that the CMAs have seemingly clear human homol ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... volume of LGN and the lateral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (Restrepo et al. 2002). In contrast to the effects of loss of sensory input, sensory experience can increase the volume of related brain regions. Hippocampus is associated with spatial navigation. A study using Magnetic Resonance Imagin ...
... volume of LGN and the lateral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (Restrepo et al. 2002). In contrast to the effects of loss of sensory input, sensory experience can increase the volume of related brain regions. Hippocampus is associated with spatial navigation. A study using Magnetic Resonance Imagin ...
FNIRS Measures of Prefrontal Cortex Lateralization During Stuttered
... Surviving this project and the Ph.D. process could not have been accomplished without the support of Dr. Edward Conture as our external advisor and grant-writing guru. My committee Chair, Dr. Michael Cannizzaro shared critical expertise about the new fNIRS technology as we tackled this totally novel ...
... Surviving this project and the Ph.D. process could not have been accomplished without the support of Dr. Edward Conture as our external advisor and grant-writing guru. My committee Chair, Dr. Michael Cannizzaro shared critical expertise about the new fNIRS technology as we tackled this totally novel ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... from neurons in layers 2–3 of earlier-processing sensory areas, and innervate the middle layers of later-processing sensory areas (reviewed in Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). Feedback projections proceed in the opposite direction, and originate mostly from neurons in layers 5–6 and terminate most den ...
... from neurons in layers 2–3 of earlier-processing sensory areas, and innervate the middle layers of later-processing sensory areas (reviewed in Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). Feedback projections proceed in the opposite direction, and originate mostly from neurons in layers 5–6 and terminate most den ...
A self-organizing model of disparity maps in the primary visual cortex
... Current models of primary visual cortex (V1) development show how visual features such as orientation and eye preference can emerge from spontaneous and visually evoked neural activity, but it is not yet known whether spatially organized maps for low-level visual pattern disparity are present in V1, ...
... Current models of primary visual cortex (V1) development show how visual features such as orientation and eye preference can emerge from spontaneous and visually evoked neural activity, but it is not yet known whether spatially organized maps for low-level visual pattern disparity are present in V1, ...
Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes
... been revealed. Another neuroimaging study investigated imagined locomotion and the results show an overlap with real locomotion (la Fougère et al., 2010). However, imagined locomotion was associated with early visual activation and this suggests that participants used a visual rather than vestibular ...
... been revealed. Another neuroimaging study investigated imagined locomotion and the results show an overlap with real locomotion (la Fougère et al., 2010). However, imagined locomotion was associated with early visual activation and this suggests that participants used a visual rather than vestibular ...
INDUCTION AND RECOVERY TIME COURSE OF RAT BRAIN
... from saline- and nicotine-treated animals were loaded, and equivalence was confirmed by Coomassie Blue gel staining, Ponceau S staining of the transferred protein on the membrane, and reprobing membranes with NADPH-P450 reductase antibody and Na,K-ATPase antibody. After confirmation that each of the ...
... from saline- and nicotine-treated animals were loaded, and equivalence was confirmed by Coomassie Blue gel staining, Ponceau S staining of the transferred protein on the membrane, and reprobing membranes with NADPH-P450 reductase antibody and Na,K-ATPase antibody. After confirmation that each of the ...
... through its connections with the cortex (for reviews see Refs 21, 42, 51, 110 and 132). The basal forebrain has received special attention because of its susceptibility in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases (for reviews see Refs 57, 58, 74, 97 and 109). Previous studies have shown that ...
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier.
... 3.1. The distribution of refractive errors in anisometropia Fig. 1 shows the distribution of refractive errors in each eye of the anisometropes (red), strabismic anisometropes (blue) and refractives (gray). We use this color code throughout. Symbol size coarsely codes visual acuity (Fig. 1A) and ste ...
... 3.1. The distribution of refractive errors in anisometropia Fig. 1 shows the distribution of refractive errors in each eye of the anisometropes (red), strabismic anisometropes (blue) and refractives (gray). We use this color code throughout. Symbol size coarsely codes visual acuity (Fig. 1A) and ste ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
Curriculum Vitae - Laureate Institute for Brain Research
... I am a Professor in Residence in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and the Director of Telemental Health at the Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System (VASDHS). My research focuses on the interface between interoception, i.e. the processing of senso ...
... I am a Professor in Residence in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and the Director of Telemental Health at the Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System (VASDHS). My research focuses on the interface between interoception, i.e. the processing of senso ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
Measurement of Corpus Callosum in Sudanese Population Using MRI
... only to form venous sinuses. The dura creates little folds or compartments. There are two special dural folds, the falx and the tentorium. The falx separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain and the tentorium separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. The arachnoid mater is a thin, web-l ...
... only to form venous sinuses. The dura creates little folds or compartments. There are two special dural folds, the falx and the tentorium. The falx separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain and the tentorium separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. The arachnoid mater is a thin, web-l ...
Neuroesthetics
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic perceptions of art and music. Neuroesthetics received its formal definition in 2002 as the scientific study of the neural bases for the contemplation and creation of a work of art. Neuroesthetics uses neuroscience to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences at the neurological level. The topic attracts scholars from many disciplines including neuroscientists, art historians, artists, and psychologists.