Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is
... E. FALSE there’s the duber again! 10. A VTA dopamine neuron could expect to be activated: A. when the animal is presented with a loud noise B. when the animal is presented with food C. when the animal is awake but resting D. when the animal is presented with a stimulus previously paired with food E. ...
... E. FALSE there’s the duber again! 10. A VTA dopamine neuron could expect to be activated: A. when the animal is presented with a loud noise B. when the animal is presented with food C. when the animal is awake but resting D. when the animal is presented with a stimulus previously paired with food E. ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... definite matrix representing the scalar product. Condition 4 imposes symmetry among the components of the vectors, which means that M must be proportional to the unit matrix. Therefore, out of all the distances that have a scalar product associated with them, the only one that fulfills condition 4 i ...
... definite matrix representing the scalar product. Condition 4 imposes symmetry among the components of the vectors, which means that M must be proportional to the unit matrix. Therefore, out of all the distances that have a scalar product associated with them, the only one that fulfills condition 4 i ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... (New England Nuclear, Boston, MA, now Perkin-Elmer; specific activity 40–80 Ci, volume of 0.4–1.0 l). To inject tracers in the VA a small hole was made above the injection site for penetration of the injection needle. We injected fast blue (0.3 l), fluororuby (3 or 4 l) or fluoroemerald (5 l) i ...
... (New England Nuclear, Boston, MA, now Perkin-Elmer; specific activity 40–80 Ci, volume of 0.4–1.0 l). To inject tracers in the VA a small hole was made above the injection site for penetration of the injection needle. We injected fast blue (0.3 l), fluororuby (3 or 4 l) or fluoroemerald (5 l) i ...
Chapter 5 - Wake Forest University
... • After producing a brain lesion and observing its effects on an animal’s behavior, we must slice and stain the brain so that we can observe it under the microscope and see the location of the lesion. • Brain lesions often miss the mark, so we have to verify the precise location of the brain damage ...
... • After producing a brain lesion and observing its effects on an animal’s behavior, we must slice and stain the brain so that we can observe it under the microscope and see the location of the lesion. • Brain lesions often miss the mark, so we have to verify the precise location of the brain damage ...
Sprecher_2011_larval.. - Institute of Neuroinformatics
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... activation without stimulus from outside the CA, and is formed by learning. Extensive evidence from single unit recording and other techniques shows that there are CAs that have these properties, and their neurons also spike with some degree of synchrony. There are variants of the standard CA model, ...
... activation without stimulus from outside the CA, and is formed by learning. Extensive evidence from single unit recording and other techniques shows that there are CAs that have these properties, and their neurons also spike with some degree of synchrony. There are variants of the standard CA model, ...
Wager, T. D., Kang, J., Johnson, T. D., Nichols, T. E., Satpute, A. B.
... significant differences across emotion categories and provide information that is actually diagnostic of the category based on observed patterns of brain activity. From a meta-analytic database of nearly 400 neuroimaging studies (6,827 participants) on affect and emotion, we used a subset of studies ...
... significant differences across emotion categories and provide information that is actually diagnostic of the category based on observed patterns of brain activity. From a meta-analytic database of nearly 400 neuroimaging studies (6,827 participants) on affect and emotion, we used a subset of studies ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... a single unit or a small cluster. Inclusion of small clusters in our analysis means that we might have missed some of the detailed differences in response properties between different cortical areas. However, our principal interest in this paper was to investigate the overall functional organization ...
... a single unit or a small cluster. Inclusion of small clusters in our analysis means that we might have missed some of the detailed differences in response properties between different cortical areas. However, our principal interest in this paper was to investigate the overall functional organization ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
Document
... a. Place where computation takes place and memories are stored. 2. White Matter (Axons) a. Determines the speed at which information can be processed. 3. The density of gray and white matter in the brain are determined by genes and environmental factors, such as experience. Dr. Rick Woodward ...
... a. Place where computation takes place and memories are stored. 2. White Matter (Axons) a. Determines the speed at which information can be processed. 3. The density of gray and white matter in the brain are determined by genes and environmental factors, such as experience. Dr. Rick Woodward ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... of memories that are stored in the synaptic connections between neurons (weight-based memory; Cohen et al., 1996; Munakata, 1998; O’Reilly et al., 1999; O’Reilly & Munakata, 2000). Activation-based memories have a number of advantages, relative to weight-based memories. For example, activation-based ...
... of memories that are stored in the synaptic connections between neurons (weight-based memory; Cohen et al., 1996; Munakata, 1998; O’Reilly et al., 1999; O’Reilly & Munakata, 2000). Activation-based memories have a number of advantages, relative to weight-based memories. For example, activation-based ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... readout stage. We propose a novel neural readout circuit based on wavelet transform that decodes the TPC over different frequency bands. We show that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual inpu ...
... readout stage. We propose a novel neural readout circuit based on wavelet transform that decodes the TPC over different frequency bands. We show that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual inpu ...
Reduced functional connectivity within and between `social` resting
... network subserves are correlated with the resting functional connectivity of that network (Seeley et al., 2007). In light of these observations, an interesting question is to what extent task-based differences in specific brain regions in ASC are reflected in different connectivity patterns of their ...
... network subserves are correlated with the resting functional connectivity of that network (Seeley et al., 2007). In light of these observations, an interesting question is to what extent task-based differences in specific brain regions in ASC are reflected in different connectivity patterns of their ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... Actions are also complex behaviors, but they are not simply elicited by a stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes ...
... Actions are also complex behaviors, but they are not simply elicited by a stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... L = 2l, l = 5.66, T = 0, rS = rA = 0.21, rJ = 0.71, S0 = 0, S1 = 0.42, J0 = 0, J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-la ...
... L = 2l, l = 5.66, T = 0, rS = rA = 0.21, rJ = 0.71, S0 = 0, S1 = 0.42, J0 = 0, J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-la ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... that one of the problems he saw with the physiologic and anatomic investigations of the cerebellum was that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that thes ...
... that one of the problems he saw with the physiologic and anatomic investigations of the cerebellum was that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that thes ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in a row along the long axis of the receptive field of the orientation-selective neuron, as in Fig. 1. ...
... descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in a row along the long axis of the receptive field of the orientation-selective neuron, as in Fig. 1. ...
Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development
... into two caudal dorsal thalamic nuclei: rotundus and the medialis complex posterior (Pritz and Stritzel 1990b). Subsequent to these injections, retrogradely labeled cells were located within the fibers of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle (Pritz and Stritzel 1990b), a fiber tract c ...
... into two caudal dorsal thalamic nuclei: rotundus and the medialis complex posterior (Pritz and Stritzel 1990b). Subsequent to these injections, retrogradely labeled cells were located within the fibers of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle (Pritz and Stritzel 1990b), a fiber tract c ...
Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of
... Age-related declines in processing speed are hypothesized to underlie the widespread changes in cognition experienced by older adults. We used a structural covariance approach to identify putative neural networks that underlie age-related structural changes associated with processing speed for 42 ad ...
... Age-related declines in processing speed are hypothesized to underlie the widespread changes in cognition experienced by older adults. We used a structural covariance approach to identify putative neural networks that underlie age-related structural changes associated with processing speed for 42 ad ...
Cetacean Brain Evolution: Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) and
... with special emphasis on the characteristics of the odontocete bauplan including functional as well as evolutionary implications. To date, no adequate microslide series of Kogia brains have been reported in the literature which could serve as a correlative for MRI as shown for the common dolphin [Oe ...
... with special emphasis on the characteristics of the odontocete bauplan including functional as well as evolutionary implications. To date, no adequate microslide series of Kogia brains have been reported in the literature which could serve as a correlative for MRI as shown for the common dolphin [Oe ...
Topical Review
... These statistics have led to a research focus on mechanisms of neural repair as they relate to the patterns of human recovery after stroke. The patterns of recovery in the human brain after stroke have been determined with functional imaging and transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (TDC) s ...
... These statistics have led to a research focus on mechanisms of neural repair as they relate to the patterns of human recovery after stroke. The patterns of recovery in the human brain after stroke have been determined with functional imaging and transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (TDC) s ...
Spontaneous default mode network phase
... (P/PCC), the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and medial, lateral and inferior parietal cortex (Raichle et al., 2001; Buckner et al., 2008). Typically, regions in the DMN exhibit collective increases in neural activity when individuals are focusing their attention internally (Buckner et al., 2008), r ...
... (P/PCC), the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and medial, lateral and inferior parietal cortex (Raichle et al., 2001; Buckner et al., 2008). Typically, regions in the DMN exhibit collective increases in neural activity when individuals are focusing their attention internally (Buckner et al., 2008), r ...
A quantitative link between face discrimination deficits and neuronal
... Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) appear to show a general face discrimination deficit across a range of tasks including social–emotional judgments as well as identification and discrimination. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies probing the neural bases of thes ...
... Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) appear to show a general face discrimination deficit across a range of tasks including social–emotional judgments as well as identification and discrimination. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies probing the neural bases of thes ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
working draft - DAVID KAPLAN | Macquarie University
... psychology and neuroscience are not independent in the ways implied by the thesis of multiple realizability. In particular, they show how the taxonomic identification of brain areas in neuroscience relies intimately on the deployment of functional criteria and prior categorizations from psychology. ...
... psychology and neuroscience are not independent in the ways implied by the thesis of multiple realizability. In particular, they show how the taxonomic identification of brain areas in neuroscience relies intimately on the deployment of functional criteria and prior categorizations from psychology. ...
Neuroesthetics
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic perceptions of art and music. Neuroesthetics received its formal definition in 2002 as the scientific study of the neural bases for the contemplation and creation of a work of art. Neuroesthetics uses neuroscience to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences at the neurological level. The topic attracts scholars from many disciplines including neuroscientists, art historians, artists, and psychologists.