Complexity in Neuronal Networks
... by the entire community of small (mostly invertebrate) circuit researchers for almost twenty-five years, until relatively recently most workers studying large cell assemblies in the vertebrate brain, both experimentalists and theoreticians, have continued to assume that circuit dynamics depend exclu ...
... by the entire community of small (mostly invertebrate) circuit researchers for almost twenty-five years, until relatively recently most workers studying large cell assemblies in the vertebrate brain, both experimentalists and theoreticians, have continued to assume that circuit dynamics depend exclu ...
Principles of Neural Science
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... mouse and is restored by viral vector transfection of b2 subunits in the VTA (Mameli-Engvall et al., 2006). VTA expression of a7 subunits is also required for the full firing pattern of dopamine neurons, although, in contrast to b2, it is not essential for the fast firing-long bursting mode (Mameli- ...
... mouse and is restored by viral vector transfection of b2 subunits in the VTA (Mameli-Engvall et al., 2006). VTA expression of a7 subunits is also required for the full firing pattern of dopamine neurons, although, in contrast to b2, it is not essential for the fast firing-long bursting mode (Mameli- ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
Neural Basis of Visually Guided Head Movements Studied With fMRI
... visually guided head movements studied with fMRI. J Neurophysiol 89: 2516 –2527, 2003. First published January 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00988.2002. We used event-related fMRI to measure brain activity while subjects performed saccadic eye, head, and gaze movements to visually presented targets. Two dist ...
... visually guided head movements studied with fMRI. J Neurophysiol 89: 2516 –2527, 2003. First published January 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00988.2002. We used event-related fMRI to measure brain activity while subjects performed saccadic eye, head, and gaze movements to visually presented targets. Two dist ...
MS Word DOC - AvianBrain.org
... major histogenetic divisions: the pallium and the subpallium. The existence of these two divisions is based on developmental, molecular, and connectivity data explained below. If we consider the telencephalon isolated from the rest of the brain, the pallium is located at the top of the telencephalic ...
... major histogenetic divisions: the pallium and the subpallium. The existence of these two divisions is based on developmental, molecular, and connectivity data explained below. If we consider the telencephalon isolated from the rest of the brain, the pallium is located at the top of the telencephalic ...
Anatomical and Neurochemical Definition of the Nucleus of the Stria
... With the exception of the POM, which is outlined clearly by ARO-ir cells and can be observed also in Nissl-stained material, the regions containing ARO-ir cells in the quail brain do not match exactly the structures that have been defined previously based on Nissl-stained sections. Their identificat ...
... With the exception of the POM, which is outlined clearly by ARO-ir cells and can be observed also in Nissl-stained material, the regions containing ARO-ir cells in the quail brain do not match exactly the structures that have been defined previously based on Nissl-stained sections. Their identificat ...
Neurobiology of injury to the developing brain.
... hypoxia and its resuscitation methods. Receptor binding assays and gene expression studies were done to evaluate the changes in 5HT(2A) receptors and its transporter in the cerebral cortex of hypoxic neonatal rats and hypoxic rats resuscitated with glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine. Hypoxic stress in ...
... hypoxia and its resuscitation methods. Receptor binding assays and gene expression studies were done to evaluate the changes in 5HT(2A) receptors and its transporter in the cerebral cortex of hypoxic neonatal rats and hypoxic rats resuscitated with glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine. Hypoxic stress in ...
The Neural Architecture Underlying Habit Learning: An Evolving
... were somehow built up step by step by groupings of neurons, in cortical columns and microcircuits (Mountcastle, 1957; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). This all had a big influence on me. I was being trained to use anatomical tract-tracing methods in the laboratory of W.J. H. Nauta, and I was lucky that he l ...
... were somehow built up step by step by groupings of neurons, in cortical columns and microcircuits (Mountcastle, 1957; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). This all had a big influence on me. I was being trained to use anatomical tract-tracing methods in the laboratory of W.J. H. Nauta, and I was lucky that he l ...
Regulation of Respiration
... too little O2 is absorbed into the arterial bl. &at same time the arterial PCO2& H+ conc. remain near normal or are ↑↑because of poor transport of CO2 through the membrane. *acclimatization to low O2 ...
... too little O2 is absorbed into the arterial bl. &at same time the arterial PCO2& H+ conc. remain near normal or are ↑↑because of poor transport of CO2 through the membrane. *acclimatization to low O2 ...
Spinal Cord - Sydney University Medical Society
... Joint Receptors - these are carried via Type II fibres (~30-70m/s) o Pain / Temperature A-delta Free Nerve Endings – these Type III fibres have small amount of myelin and are associated with sharp, local pain which is typically superficial (~0.5-2m/s) C Free Nerve Endings – these Type IV fibre ...
... Joint Receptors - these are carried via Type II fibres (~30-70m/s) o Pain / Temperature A-delta Free Nerve Endings – these Type III fibres have small amount of myelin and are associated with sharp, local pain which is typically superficial (~0.5-2m/s) C Free Nerve Endings – these Type IV fibre ...
The neural basis of moral cognition
... The concepts of antisocial personality disorder (‘sociopathy’) and psychopathy (a severe form of sociopathy) originated from the need to diagnose individuals who show a pattern of behaviours that goes against the common good and repeatedly involves harm to others. Although social norms vary among cu ...
... The concepts of antisocial personality disorder (‘sociopathy’) and psychopathy (a severe form of sociopathy) originated from the need to diagnose individuals who show a pattern of behaviours that goes against the common good and repeatedly involves harm to others. Although social norms vary among cu ...
Hasson-JNeurosci2008.. - Center for Neural Science
... In the time-reversal experiment, correlation coefficients were calculated between the responses to the following conditions: the first and second presentations of the original, forward movie (CF1:F2); the first and second presentations of the backward movie (CB1:B2); response to the forward movie an ...
... In the time-reversal experiment, correlation coefficients were calculated between the responses to the following conditions: the first and second presentations of the original, forward movie (CF1:F2); the first and second presentations of the backward movie (CB1:B2); response to the forward movie an ...
The Neuroscience of Spontaneous Thought: An Evolving
... processes by which thoughts are evoked (i.e. Smallwood & Schooler, 2006). For years, mindwandering has been defined as being either unrelated to the task at hand (as a task-unrelated thought) (e.g. Giambra, 1989) or as independent from external stimuli (as a stimulus-independent thought) (e.g. Teas ...
... processes by which thoughts are evoked (i.e. Smallwood & Schooler, 2006). For years, mindwandering has been defined as being either unrelated to the task at hand (as a task-unrelated thought) (e.g. Giambra, 1989) or as independent from external stimuli (as a stimulus-independent thought) (e.g. Teas ...
The Complicated Equation of Smell, Flavor, and Taste
... directions, it reaches the cilia of the olfactory neurons where about 1000 specific receptor proteins are present. Specific olfactory receptor genes encode each protein. The discoverers of these genes were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize.4 Because humans can see very well, we do not depend on smell too ...
... directions, it reaches the cilia of the olfactory neurons where about 1000 specific receptor proteins are present. Specific olfactory receptor genes encode each protein. The discoverers of these genes were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize.4 Because humans can see very well, we do not depend on smell too ...
14 MOTOR NUCLEUS OF CRANIAL NERVE VII (MOTOR VII)
... transverse and longitudinal fiber bundles between which are large collections of pontine neurons called the PONTINE GREY (or GRAY). The longitudinal bundles are (1) corticobulbar, (2) corticospinal and, most important for this point, (3) CORTICOPONTINE FIBERS. ...
... transverse and longitudinal fiber bundles between which are large collections of pontine neurons called the PONTINE GREY (or GRAY). The longitudinal bundles are (1) corticobulbar, (2) corticospinal and, most important for this point, (3) CORTICOPONTINE FIBERS. ...
Glial Signaling Take Home Messages
... iii. Astrocytes and D-serine necessary for neuronal LTP c. D-serine binds the Gly site on neuronal NMDA receptors → ↑ LTP 2. Astrocyte signaling → ↑ LTP is limited to local astrocyte networks 3. Astrocytes are required for some types of synaptic plasticity (like LTP) 4. Human Astrocytes (hAstrocyt ...
... iii. Astrocytes and D-serine necessary for neuronal LTP c. D-serine binds the Gly site on neuronal NMDA receptors → ↑ LTP 2. Astrocyte signaling → ↑ LTP is limited to local astrocyte networks 3. Astrocytes are required for some types of synaptic plasticity (like LTP) 4. Human Astrocytes (hAstrocyt ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... the results reported in this section. The relationship between motor activity and ACh release may depend on the region investigated, the different levels of arousal and attention, and the type of behavior. As already mentioned, Watanabe et al. (1990) demonstrated a relationship between motor activit ...
... the results reported in this section. The relationship between motor activity and ACh release may depend on the region investigated, the different levels of arousal and attention, and the type of behavior. As already mentioned, Watanabe et al. (1990) demonstrated a relationship between motor activit ...
InterimSummary The Nature of Learning
... sound of a cat meowing in the dark, we can imagine what a cat looks like and what it would feel like if we stroked its fur. Thus, the neural circuits in the auditory association cortex that recognize the meow are somehow connected to the appropriate circuits in the visual association cortex and the ...
... sound of a cat meowing in the dark, we can imagine what a cat looks like and what it would feel like if we stroked its fur. Thus, the neural circuits in the auditory association cortex that recognize the meow are somehow connected to the appropriate circuits in the visual association cortex and the ...
Basal Ganglia and Associated Pathways
... Ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) nuclei of the thalamus are the major targets of output from the basal ganglia; the thalamic nuclei project to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiations and have an excitatory effect via glutamate as the neurotransmitter Outputs also exist t ...
... Ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) nuclei of the thalamus are the major targets of output from the basal ganglia; the thalamic nuclei project to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiations and have an excitatory effect via glutamate as the neurotransmitter Outputs also exist t ...
Branching Thalamic Afferents Link Action and Perception
... branching afferents leads to a focus on the close and potentially important link between the afferent, sensory messages, passed to the cortex for perceptual processing on the one hand, and to motor centers for concurrent motor action on the other. Although perceptual processing is today often treate ...
... branching afferents leads to a focus on the close and potentially important link between the afferent, sensory messages, passed to the cortex for perceptual processing on the one hand, and to motor centers for concurrent motor action on the other. Although perceptual processing is today often treate ...
avian brain nomenclature forum
... The names currently employed for the avian telencephalon were first applied when knowledge on the non-mammalian brain and techniques for studying the brain were both very poor and limited (Huber and Crosby, 1929; Ariëns-Kappers, Huber and Crosby, 1936). The inherited names that we commonly employ fo ...
... The names currently employed for the avian telencephalon were first applied when knowledge on the non-mammalian brain and techniques for studying the brain were both very poor and limited (Huber and Crosby, 1929; Ariëns-Kappers, Huber and Crosby, 1936). The inherited names that we commonly employ fo ...
Synaptogenesis in the human cortex occurs between - UvA-DARE
... contribute to the great diversity of reported results on spine plasticity (Segal et al., 2000). Schwartzkroin et al. (1982) showed some pruning in rabbits in the dendritic neuronal network between the first postnatal month and adulthood in CA1, but it is not yet known if this pruning process also oc ...
... contribute to the great diversity of reported results on spine plasticity (Segal et al., 2000). Schwartzkroin et al. (1982) showed some pruning in rabbits in the dendritic neuronal network between the first postnatal month and adulthood in CA1, but it is not yet known if this pruning process also oc ...
Chapter 17-Pathways and Integrative Functions
... • Tracts = groups or bundles of axons that travel together in CNS • Nucleus = collection of neuron cell bodies within CNS • Somatotropy = correspondence between body area of receptors and functional areas in cerebral cortex ...
... • Tracts = groups or bundles of axons that travel together in CNS • Nucleus = collection of neuron cell bodies within CNS • Somatotropy = correspondence between body area of receptors and functional areas in cerebral cortex ...
The endocannabinoid system
... ental illness comes in many shapes and with many causes. There are also an endless number of medicines to treat mental illness. They all come with side effects, which in some cases can be so severe that taking them is just as unpleasant as not taking them. In the brain it’s all about chemistry, and ...
... ental illness comes in many shapes and with many causes. There are also an endless number of medicines to treat mental illness. They all come with side effects, which in some cases can be so severe that taking them is just as unpleasant as not taking them. In the brain it’s all about chemistry, and ...