11. The Evolution of Language Systems in the Human Brain
... morphological or syntactic processing have been identified; see below). One major reason for this may be the difficulty of translating highly abstract linguistic formalisms into concrete anatomical predictions. At least superficially, language appears to be generated according to symbolic principles ...
... morphological or syntactic processing have been identified; see below). One major reason for this may be the difficulty of translating highly abstract linguistic formalisms into concrete anatomical predictions. At least superficially, language appears to be generated according to symbolic principles ...
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... human teacher holds the hand of a child to teach how to draw a circle). However, if a network can learn only under this mode, teaching is impractical, and the learner is not able to learn autonomously. It lacks a sense of value that it may devote too much neuronal resource and time to events that ar ...
... human teacher holds the hand of a child to teach how to draw a circle). However, if a network can learn only under this mode, teaching is impractical, and the learner is not able to learn autonomously. It lacks a sense of value that it may devote too much neuronal resource and time to events that ar ...
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... from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, timing, and coordination of muscular contractions during movement. The basal gangl ...
... from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, timing, and coordination of muscular contractions during movement. The basal gangl ...
Schwartz
... and spatial frequency maps were severely disturbed in the region of the focus but were unaltered in the surrounding cortex. Thus, optical imaging of intrinsic signals can be used to simultaneously map epilepsy and normal functional anatomy with high spatial resolution. ...
... and spatial frequency maps were severely disturbed in the region of the focus but were unaltered in the surrounding cortex. Thus, optical imaging of intrinsic signals can be used to simultaneously map epilepsy and normal functional anatomy with high spatial resolution. ...
The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
Neural Darwinism
... of neuronal group selection. Extensive neural modeling based on the theory has provided useful insights into several outstanding neurobiological problems including those concerned with integration of cortical function, sensorimotor control, and perceptually based behavior. Introduction Over the last ...
... of neuronal group selection. Extensive neural modeling based on the theory has provided useful insights into several outstanding neurobiological problems including those concerned with integration of cortical function, sensorimotor control, and perceptually based behavior. Introduction Over the last ...
Memory Dysfunction
... of many disorders, impairing the normal daily activities of the patients and profoundly affecting their families. Some perceptions about memory, such as the concepts of “short-term” and “longterm,” have given way to a more refined understanding and improved classification systems. These changes resu ...
... of many disorders, impairing the normal daily activities of the patients and profoundly affecting their families. Some perceptions about memory, such as the concepts of “short-term” and “longterm,” have given way to a more refined understanding and improved classification systems. These changes resu ...
Activity 1 - Web Adventures
... A typical neuron has a cell body that contains the nucleus and other cell organelles. Extending from the cell body are projections called dendrites that bring messages or signals into the cell from other neurons. A neuron also has a long extension called an axon that carries signals away from the ce ...
... A typical neuron has a cell body that contains the nucleus and other cell organelles. Extending from the cell body are projections called dendrites that bring messages or signals into the cell from other neurons. A neuron also has a long extension called an axon that carries signals away from the ce ...
Impaired Neurocognitive Functions Affect Social Learning
... that poor fear conditioning from ages 3–8 years is associated with aggression at age 8 (Gao et al. 2010a). Furthermore, it appeared that poor fear conditioning at age 3 predisposes to crime at age 23 (Gao et al. 2010b). Besides this important series of studies that demonstrate poor fear conditioning ...
... that poor fear conditioning from ages 3–8 years is associated with aggression at age 8 (Gao et al. 2010a). Furthermore, it appeared that poor fear conditioning at age 3 predisposes to crime at age 23 (Gao et al. 2010b). Besides this important series of studies that demonstrate poor fear conditioning ...
The Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Physiology, etc. Overview
... Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) • Made up of large dopamine‐containing cells – It is these neurons that degenerate in Parkinson disease ...
... Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) • Made up of large dopamine‐containing cells – It is these neurons that degenerate in Parkinson disease ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
Distributed Modular Architectures Linking Basal Ganglia
... the adjustment of synaptic weights. While many types of neuron exhibit synaptic plasticity, in most cases it appears to be controlled by a Hebbian-like mechanism that depends mainly on local presynaptic-postsynaptic correlation. As discussed later, a Hebbian mechanism functions well for some types o ...
... the adjustment of synaptic weights. While many types of neuron exhibit synaptic plasticity, in most cases it appears to be controlled by a Hebbian-like mechanism that depends mainly on local presynaptic-postsynaptic correlation. As discussed later, a Hebbian mechanism functions well for some types o ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... but not unpleasant odours were found to activate a medial region of the rostral orbitofrontal cortex. Further, there was a correlation between the subjective pleasantness ratings of the six odours given during the investigation with activation of a medial region of the rostral orbitofrontal cortex. ...
... but not unpleasant odours were found to activate a medial region of the rostral orbitofrontal cortex. Further, there was a correlation between the subjective pleasantness ratings of the six odours given during the investigation with activation of a medial region of the rostral orbitofrontal cortex. ...
Review Article Long-Term Memory Search across the
... inferior temporal gyrus (ITC)—creamy yellow, fusiform gyrus (FG)—magenta, hippocampus (H)—red, amygdala (A)—cyan, thalamus (T)—grey (created using the 3D Brain Slicer [38]). (b) Ventral occipital visual field map models: Cal-S (V1)—calcarine sulcus, V2—green, V3—blue, V4 (brick red), FG—fusiform gyr ...
... inferior temporal gyrus (ITC)—creamy yellow, fusiform gyrus (FG)—magenta, hippocampus (H)—red, amygdala (A)—cyan, thalamus (T)—grey (created using the 3D Brain Slicer [38]). (b) Ventral occipital visual field map models: Cal-S (V1)—calcarine sulcus, V2—green, V3—blue, V4 (brick red), FG—fusiform gyr ...
... 1989, 1994, 1996) is one tentative proposal that is testable, and can also account for consciousness. It is true, as Litt et al. state, that if Penrose OR is proven correct then quantum theory would have to be rewritten. But quantum theory as it stands is incomplete: It must be rewritten. 2.5. Anest ...
PPT - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... control of behavior “self-referencing system” “ongoing self-maintaining system” – so treating brain as an input-output system can have only limited success. Many studies in neuronal procedure and functional mechanism lacks “comprehensive understanding of the embedding of these many partial functions ...
... control of behavior “self-referencing system” “ongoing self-maintaining system” – so treating brain as an input-output system can have only limited success. Many studies in neuronal procedure and functional mechanism lacks “comprehensive understanding of the embedding of these many partial functions ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious disturbances. But, if more critical studies were made, it perhaps might be easy, in some instances at least, to pick u p the subtle differences that must distinguish these cerebellar cases from the no ...
... intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious disturbances. But, if more critical studies were made, it perhaps might be easy, in some instances at least, to pick u p the subtle differences that must distinguish these cerebellar cases from the no ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
... review, see [31]). In AD patients, the subiculum is among the earliest regions displaying severe atrophy and pathology [1, 16, 18, 32–37]. Loss of the subicular neurons has been reported to be associated with clinical AD [19, 21]. Thus, damaged hippocampal–cortical and hippocampal–subcortical commun ...
... review, see [31]). In AD patients, the subiculum is among the earliest regions displaying severe atrophy and pathology [1, 16, 18, 32–37]. Loss of the subicular neurons has been reported to be associated with clinical AD [19, 21]. Thus, damaged hippocampal–cortical and hippocampal–subcortical commun ...
PSYB1 Biopsychology Short Qs JM09 December
... Possible answer: Genotype refers to a person’s genetic make-up (AO1, 1). Phenotype refers to a person’s characteristics that are determined by genetics and the environment (AO1, 1). AO2 One mark for evidence of genotype presented in the example. One mark for evidence of phenotype presented in the ex ...
... Possible answer: Genotype refers to a person’s genetic make-up (AO1, 1). Phenotype refers to a person’s characteristics that are determined by genetics and the environment (AO1, 1). AO2 One mark for evidence of genotype presented in the example. One mark for evidence of phenotype presented in the ex ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
... optimal timing of surgery with respect to age at presentation and the influence of the underlying pathology are only slowly emerging. At surgery, their patients were aged 0.33-17 years.29 Vining and associates from JohnHopkins hospital reported their experience with 58 children after hemispherectomy ...
... optimal timing of surgery with respect to age at presentation and the influence of the underlying pathology are only slowly emerging. At surgery, their patients were aged 0.33-17 years.29 Vining and associates from JohnHopkins hospital reported their experience with 58 children after hemispherectomy ...
Goal-direction and top-down control
... associations were previously captured through learning by strengthening the associations among contexts, actions and outcomes that successfully achieved a goal (i.e. they are rewarded). Conversely, associations that are ineffective at obtaining a reward are weakened. Such learning is ‘supervised’ in ...
... associations were previously captured through learning by strengthening the associations among contexts, actions and outcomes that successfully achieved a goal (i.e. they are rewarded). Conversely, associations that are ineffective at obtaining a reward are weakened. Such learning is ‘supervised’ in ...
Sample
... a) agonist b) antagonist c) neuromodulator d) receptor ANS: D, p. 47-48, F, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 37. Reuptake refers to ________. a) an area where neurotransmitters or neuromodulators attach themselves b) the process by which the surplus neurotransmitters are reabsorbed ba ...
... a) agonist b) antagonist c) neuromodulator d) receptor ANS: D, p. 47-48, F, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 37. Reuptake refers to ________. a) an area where neurotransmitters or neuromodulators attach themselves b) the process by which the surplus neurotransmitters are reabsorbed ba ...
Neuronal circuitries involved in thermoregulation
... the control of shivering. The efferent signals mediating these responses descend in the medial forebrain bundle (Kanosue et al., 1994a). The posterior hypothalamus has long been considered to be important for the control of shivering, and detailed studies by stimulation and ablation have indicated t ...
... the control of shivering. The efferent signals mediating these responses descend in the medial forebrain bundle (Kanosue et al., 1994a). The posterior hypothalamus has long been considered to be important for the control of shivering, and detailed studies by stimulation and ablation have indicated t ...
Complexity in Neuronal Networks
... by the entire community of small (mostly invertebrate) circuit researchers for almost twenty-five years, until relatively recently most workers studying large cell assemblies in the vertebrate brain, both experimentalists and theoreticians, have continued to assume that circuit dynamics depend exclu ...
... by the entire community of small (mostly invertebrate) circuit researchers for almost twenty-five years, until relatively recently most workers studying large cell assemblies in the vertebrate brain, both experimentalists and theoreticians, have continued to assume that circuit dynamics depend exclu ...
Neural changes underlying the development of
... memory in infancy and during early childhood rather than later in childhood when, as discussed in later sections, cortical changes are robust. From this perspective, the behavioral episodic memory improvements observed during middle childhood would depend on cortical development, primarily in the pr ...
... memory in infancy and during early childhood rather than later in childhood when, as discussed in later sections, cortical changes are robust. From this perspective, the behavioral episodic memory improvements observed during middle childhood would depend on cortical development, primarily in the pr ...