FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... 1910; Shik and Orlovsky, 1976; Dubner et al., 1978). Higher CNS structures including the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the motor cortex represent a higher level of integration in the hierarchy (Fig. 3). These structures exert control over the brain stem and spinal cord and their contribution to ...
... 1910; Shik and Orlovsky, 1976; Dubner et al., 1978). Higher CNS structures including the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the motor cortex represent a higher level of integration in the hierarchy (Fig. 3). These structures exert control over the brain stem and spinal cord and their contribution to ...
The Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
... Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl CoA and choline by choline acetyltransferase (CAT). It is degraded by acetycholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme present in the synaptic cleft. Hebb et al ' 6 showed that undercutting the cerebral cortex caused a reduction in CAT activity in overlying cortex. This ...
... Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl CoA and choline by choline acetyltransferase (CAT). It is degraded by acetycholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme present in the synaptic cleft. Hebb et al ' 6 showed that undercutting the cerebral cortex caused a reduction in CAT activity in overlying cortex. This ...
Chapter 10
... regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the ________, while the trunk the motor homunculus are primarily involved in activating motor neurons the trunk primarily on the _________. ...
... regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the ________, while the trunk the motor homunculus are primarily involved in activating motor neurons the trunk primarily on the _________. ...
striatum
... The reward- related striatum is defined also by projections from orbitofrontal and anterior cingular cortex and by projections from limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala) 22 % of the striatum The nc. accumbens may play an important role in behaviors related to addiction (alcohol, nicotine, drugs) ...
... The reward- related striatum is defined also by projections from orbitofrontal and anterior cingular cortex and by projections from limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala) 22 % of the striatum The nc. accumbens may play an important role in behaviors related to addiction (alcohol, nicotine, drugs) ...
.... _ ACKNOWLEDGMENT !_ This monograph is based on the
... Taylor 1987; Stone et al. 1987; Davis et al. 1987; Schmidt et al. 1986). The extent to which MDMA-induced neurochemical alterations reflect neural degeneration remains controversial. To address this issue, the authors have mapped regions of the brain stained with the cupric silver method following a ...
... Taylor 1987; Stone et al. 1987; Davis et al. 1987; Schmidt et al. 1986). The extent to which MDMA-induced neurochemical alterations reflect neural degeneration remains controversial. To address this issue, the authors have mapped regions of the brain stained with the cupric silver method following a ...
Hippocampus, hippocampal sclerosis and epilepsy
... “latency” of these interneurons is due to the lack of their physiological stimulation by damaged hilar mossy cells [88]. In addition to neuronal degeneration and gliosis, the so called mossy fiber sprouting and the dentate gyrus granule cell dispersion are also characteristic of HS [14]. They consti ...
... “latency” of these interneurons is due to the lack of their physiological stimulation by damaged hilar mossy cells [88]. In addition to neuronal degeneration and gliosis, the so called mossy fiber sprouting and the dentate gyrus granule cell dispersion are also characteristic of HS [14]. They consti ...
Gene expression in the rat brain: High similarity but unique
... almost identical across the cerebral cortex and only a few genes have so far been reported to show regional enrichment in specific cortical areas. Results: In the present study on adult rat brain, we have corroborated the strikingly similar gene expression among cortical areas. However, differential ...
... almost identical across the cerebral cortex and only a few genes have so far been reported to show regional enrichment in specific cortical areas. Results: In the present study on adult rat brain, we have corroborated the strikingly similar gene expression among cortical areas. However, differential ...
The Nervous System
... • All neural functions involve communication of neurons with one another and with other cells – Neuroglia: supporting cells with various functions: ...
... • All neural functions involve communication of neurons with one another and with other cells – Neuroglia: supporting cells with various functions: ...
Chemotherapy and Cognitive Impairment
... tion of the frontal lobes of the brain—and in visual and verbal memory, which are believed to be under the control of the hip pocampus (for a review, see ref. 7). In support of this pattern of cognitive impairment, several brain-imaging studies found chemotherapy-related decreases in the integrity ...
... tion of the frontal lobes of the brain—and in visual and verbal memory, which are believed to be under the control of the hip pocampus (for a review, see ref. 7). In support of this pattern of cognitive impairment, several brain-imaging studies found chemotherapy-related decreases in the integrity ...
Alterations of Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus Are
... involving a number of cellular and biochemical mechanisms. AD affects millions of humans as the most common cause of cognitive decline worldwide, in addition to being a main medical challenge for aging population. From the clinical point of view, AD is mostly characterized by age-dependent inexorabl ...
... involving a number of cellular and biochemical mechanisms. AD affects millions of humans as the most common cause of cognitive decline worldwide, in addition to being a main medical challenge for aging population. From the clinical point of view, AD is mostly characterized by age-dependent inexorabl ...
A Stereoscopic Look at Visual Cortex
... neural basis of stereoscopic motor and perceptual processing, organized according to (respectively) dorsal and ventral streams in visual cortex (Milner and Goodale 1992). This framework is likely to suffer from oversimplification but successfully brings together most of the available literature on t ...
... neural basis of stereoscopic motor and perceptual processing, organized according to (respectively) dorsal and ventral streams in visual cortex (Milner and Goodale 1992). This framework is likely to suffer from oversimplification but successfully brings together most of the available literature on t ...
Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex
... The senses of humans and other highly evolved animals are an evolutionary success story. In the visual system of primates, as many as 1.5 million axons exit the retina, supplying a wealth of detailed information about the visual environment. Yet at any given moment, much of this information is behav ...
... The senses of humans and other highly evolved animals are an evolutionary success story. In the visual system of primates, as many as 1.5 million axons exit the retina, supplying a wealth of detailed information about the visual environment. Yet at any given moment, much of this information is behav ...
Current advances and pressing problems in studies of stopping
... SMA terminals [47,48]. In humans, a recent comprehensive survey of STN connectivity shows that fibers connecting IFC to STN are vanishingly weak in comparison to those connecting STN to caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus [49]. Although some have hypothesized that a common inhibitory mec ...
... SMA terminals [47,48]. In humans, a recent comprehensive survey of STN connectivity shows that fibers connecting IFC to STN are vanishingly weak in comparison to those connecting STN to caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus [49]. Although some have hypothesized that a common inhibitory mec ...
L9 - Internal structure of brain stem new
... Cranial nerves III-XII attach to the brain stem, their fibers either originating from, or terminating in, the cranial nuclei. The reticular formation controls the level of consciousness, the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Ascending sensory system pass through the brain stem ...
... Cranial nerves III-XII attach to the brain stem, their fibers either originating from, or terminating in, the cranial nuclei. The reticular formation controls the level of consciousness, the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Ascending sensory system pass through the brain stem ...
Lecture VIII. Spinal Cord
... • Nomenclature often origin and target, i.e., CorticoSpinal Tract = from cortex to spinal cord September 21, 2009 ...
... • Nomenclature often origin and target, i.e., CorticoSpinal Tract = from cortex to spinal cord September 21, 2009 ...
Respiratory Physiology during Sleep
... • During sleep, the hypercapnic ventilatory response and hypoxic ventilatory response are reduced during NREM compared with wake and decreased in REM sleep compared with NREM sleep . • Both hypoxia and hypercapnea may trigger arousals from sleep, resulting in a return to the more tightly regulated ...
... • During sleep, the hypercapnic ventilatory response and hypoxic ventilatory response are reduced during NREM compared with wake and decreased in REM sleep compared with NREM sleep . • Both hypoxia and hypercapnea may trigger arousals from sleep, resulting in a return to the more tightly regulated ...
Do cortical areas emerge from a protocottex?
... The set of output projections of a given neocortical area in the adult is a subset of the projections that it originally elaborates. Although just a subset is retained by a given area, these early, widespread projections are made only to specific sets of targets appropriate for the general class of ...
... The set of output projections of a given neocortical area in the adult is a subset of the projections that it originally elaborates. Although just a subset is retained by a given area, these early, widespread projections are made only to specific sets of targets appropriate for the general class of ...
Mutations affecting the development of the embryonic zebrafish brain
... inspection (Fig. 2B) and the aberrant expression of pax[zf-b] (a member of the pax-2/5/8 family; Fig. 3J) and engrailed-2 (Fig. 2D) at the MHB indicate that a large portion of the MHB region is deleted in spg mutants at 28 hpf. Phenotypes range from the absence of the ventral portion to a complete d ...
... inspection (Fig. 2B) and the aberrant expression of pax[zf-b] (a member of the pax-2/5/8 family; Fig. 3J) and engrailed-2 (Fig. 2D) at the MHB indicate that a large portion of the MHB region is deleted in spg mutants at 28 hpf. Phenotypes range from the absence of the ventral portion to a complete d ...
Human medial frontal cortex mediates unconscious inhibition of
... of the response activated by the first stimulus and allow responses associated with new stimuli (Jaskowski, in press; Jaskowski and Przekoracka-Krawczyk, 2005; Lleras and Enns, 2006). While this debate is also tangential to our main purpose of simply studying whether SEF and SMA are associated with ...
... of the response activated by the first stimulus and allow responses associated with new stimuli (Jaskowski, in press; Jaskowski and Przekoracka-Krawczyk, 2005; Lleras and Enns, 2006). While this debate is also tangential to our main purpose of simply studying whether SEF and SMA are associated with ...
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in the Brain: Sensors of
... brief oxygen deprivation, the neurons are hyperpolarized by activation of K+ conductance (5, 9). The KATP channel was proposed to be directly responsible for this change in conductance (19). Indeed, intracellular ATP decreases to 15% after ~2 min of hypoxic challenge (15), and hypoxia-induced hyperp ...
... brief oxygen deprivation, the neurons are hyperpolarized by activation of K+ conductance (5, 9). The KATP channel was proposed to be directly responsible for this change in conductance (19). Indeed, intracellular ATP decreases to 15% after ~2 min of hypoxic challenge (15), and hypoxia-induced hyperp ...
Cerebellum
... -caused by Thyamine Deficiency, mostly from alcohol abuse -Wernicke’s encephalopathy symptoms are gait ataxia, nystagmus, diplopia, strabismus -Korsakoff syndrome- sever anterograde and retrograde amnesia -treatment with glucose and no thiamine can result in death VI. Alcoholic Cerebellar Degenerati ...
... -caused by Thyamine Deficiency, mostly from alcohol abuse -Wernicke’s encephalopathy symptoms are gait ataxia, nystagmus, diplopia, strabismus -Korsakoff syndrome- sever anterograde and retrograde amnesia -treatment with glucose and no thiamine can result in death VI. Alcoholic Cerebellar Degenerati ...
Master Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... whereas those of the neocortex form six layers. Cortical layers located between the neocortex and the allocortex display three to six layers, reflecting their transitional nature. The six layered neocortex, which is the largest part of the mammalian brain, is divided into distinct areas according th ...
... whereas those of the neocortex form six layers. Cortical layers located between the neocortex and the allocortex display three to six layers, reflecting their transitional nature. The six layered neocortex, which is the largest part of the mammalian brain, is divided into distinct areas according th ...
Ch. 3–Biological Basis of Behavior PPT
... Why do we like sweets and fats, and dislike bitter foods? Why do we sleep at night and not during the day? Why do men like shapely women? Why do women like ...
... Why do we like sweets and fats, and dislike bitter foods? Why do we sleep at night and not during the day? Why do men like shapely women? Why do women like ...
Neuroscience of Addiction Review
... neurons also fires to sensory stimuli (sounds or lights) that have been experimentally paired with cocaine delivery. Nucleus accumbens neurons may therefore mediate conditioned drug responses (Carelli and Deadwyler, 1996). Similarly, conditioned sensory stimuli are strong elicitors of “craving” in c ...
... neurons also fires to sensory stimuli (sounds or lights) that have been experimentally paired with cocaine delivery. Nucleus accumbens neurons may therefore mediate conditioned drug responses (Carelli and Deadwyler, 1996). Similarly, conditioned sensory stimuli are strong elicitors of “craving” in c ...
Chapter 16: Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System
... can only increase activity – if nerve maintains background level of activity, can increase or decrease activity ...
... can only increase activity – if nerve maintains background level of activity, can increase or decrease activity ...