LECTURE 3 Shape: Conformations of Cyclohexanes Cyclohexane
... In propane there are 6 methyl hydrogens and 2 methylene hydrogens and substitution of 1 each of these by chlorine leads to 1-chloropropane and 2chloropropane respectively. If all the C – H bonds were of equal reactivity then we should expect to see the 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane to be forme ...
... In propane there are 6 methyl hydrogens and 2 methylene hydrogens and substitution of 1 each of these by chlorine leads to 1-chloropropane and 2chloropropane respectively. If all the C – H bonds were of equal reactivity then we should expect to see the 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane to be forme ...
Chemdraw B&W - Pennsylvania State University
... • SN2 reaction:, the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
... • SN2 reaction:, the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
... subsequently by conversion of OH into a good leaving group (acid catalyzed) and promotion by the lone pair on N. This latter reaction is very much like an E1 reaction (the acid catalyzed dehydration of alcohols). ...
... subsequently by conversion of OH into a good leaving group (acid catalyzed) and promotion by the lone pair on N. This latter reaction is very much like an E1 reaction (the acid catalyzed dehydration of alcohols). ...
File
... Aqueous, alcoholic potassium (or sodium) cyanide Reflux in aqueous , alcoholic solution ...
... Aqueous, alcoholic potassium (or sodium) cyanide Reflux in aqueous , alcoholic solution ...
Organic Chemistry HL
... 20.2 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions The examples of nucleophilic substitution looked at earlier are not the only examples. Other nucleophiles which will react with halogenoalkanes include H2O, NH3 and CN-. Using water as the nucleophile would produce an alcohol but the reaction is much slower ...
... 20.2 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions The examples of nucleophilic substitution looked at earlier are not the only examples. Other nucleophiles which will react with halogenoalkanes include H2O, NH3 and CN-. Using water as the nucleophile would produce an alcohol but the reaction is much slower ...
Workshop 9
... mechanisms are well established. In other cases they may be speculative and are likely to change as more data become available. Mechanisms map the path by which the reactants change into products and the movement of electrons that accompanies this change. They also show how reactants come together, ...
... mechanisms are well established. In other cases they may be speculative and are likely to change as more data become available. Mechanisms map the path by which the reactants change into products and the movement of electrons that accompanies this change. They also show how reactants come together, ...
Review sheet - Paws.wcu.edu.
... NBS (for allylic bromination) Alkene plus X2 or HX : addition to double bond (Markovnikov selectivity) Preparation of Alcohols Hydration of alkenes: acid-catalyzed addition of water (Markov.) or BH3/ox (Anti-Markov.) Reduction of carbonyl compounds: NaBH4 (ald/ketones), LiAlH4 (ald/ketones/acids/est ...
... NBS (for allylic bromination) Alkene plus X2 or HX : addition to double bond (Markovnikov selectivity) Preparation of Alcohols Hydration of alkenes: acid-catalyzed addition of water (Markov.) or BH3/ox (Anti-Markov.) Reduction of carbonyl compounds: NaBH4 (ald/ketones), LiAlH4 (ald/ketones/acids/est ...
Unit 2 Content Statements
... The stability of the benzene ring is due to the delocalisation of electrons. A benzene ring in which one hydrogen atom has been substituted by another group is known as the phenyl group. The phenyl group has the formula -C6H5. ...
... The stability of the benzene ring is due to the delocalisation of electrons. A benzene ring in which one hydrogen atom has been substituted by another group is known as the phenyl group. The phenyl group has the formula -C6H5. ...
File
... Deduce a reaction pathway for the two-stage conversion of 1-bromopropane to 1-butylamine (butan-1-amine). Your answer should include an equation for each stage of the reaction and the reaction conditions for the second stage. ...
... Deduce a reaction pathway for the two-stage conversion of 1-bromopropane to 1-butylamine (butan-1-amine). Your answer should include an equation for each stage of the reaction and the reaction conditions for the second stage. ...
Chapter 10-
... Carbon forms stable, covalent bonds with other atoms such as H, O, N, S, and halogens ...
... Carbon forms stable, covalent bonds with other atoms such as H, O, N, S, and halogens ...
Alkynes
... But typical of synthetic problems side reaction occurs to some extent and must be taken into account. ...
... But typical of synthetic problems side reaction occurs to some extent and must be taken into account. ...
Pre DP Chemistry 2 Organic Chemistry
... all with their own physical and chemical properties. In order to study all these organic compounds, they are categorized into ”families” according to their structures. Members of these families have similar chemical ...
... all with their own physical and chemical properties. In order to study all these organic compounds, they are categorized into ”families” according to their structures. Members of these families have similar chemical ...
Chapter 23 Functional Groups
... –aromatic rings form Nomex (® DuPont), which is a poor electrical ...
... –aromatic rings form Nomex (® DuPont), which is a poor electrical ...
Carbon Chemistry Atoms of all elements (except Noble Gases) form
... Atoms of all elements (except Noble Gases) form chemical bonds But few elements have the ability of carbon to bond with both itself and other elements in so many different ways. o H, O, N can only form one, two, or three bonds. o However, with 4 valence electrons, each carbon atom is able to form ...
... Atoms of all elements (except Noble Gases) form chemical bonds But few elements have the ability of carbon to bond with both itself and other elements in so many different ways. o H, O, N can only form one, two, or three bonds. o However, with 4 valence electrons, each carbon atom is able to form ...
Quiz #3 will be concerning Types of Organic Compounds and types
... 5. Ketone – any of a class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group (C=O) whose carbon atom is joined to two other carbon atoms. 6. Ester – a compound with the general formula RCOOR’ (where R is a hydrocarbon group or a hydrogen and R’ is a hydrocarbon group.) It is formed from an alcohol ...
... 5. Ketone – any of a class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group (C=O) whose carbon atom is joined to two other carbon atoms. 6. Ester – a compound with the general formula RCOOR’ (where R is a hydrocarbon group or a hydrogen and R’ is a hydrocarbon group.) It is formed from an alcohol ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology
... compounds, with considerable attention to stereochemistry, reaction mechanisms, synthetic organic chemistry and Surveys the chemistry of functionalized organic compounds emphasizing mechanisms and multi-step syntheses.. Emphasis will be on substitution and elimination reactions , the chemistry of hy ...
... compounds, with considerable attention to stereochemistry, reaction mechanisms, synthetic organic chemistry and Surveys the chemistry of functionalized organic compounds emphasizing mechanisms and multi-step syntheses.. Emphasis will be on substitution and elimination reactions , the chemistry of hy ...
Chemistry 3719L – Week 9 Reduction of Benzil with Sodium
... • Filter the solid, dry for 15 minutes then weigh the product and obtain the melting point. • If possible you should obtain an IR spectrum of your product to compare with that of the benzil starting material. This information will be used in your report to prove that the functional group conversion ...
... • Filter the solid, dry for 15 minutes then weigh the product and obtain the melting point. • If possible you should obtain an IR spectrum of your product to compare with that of the benzil starting material. This information will be used in your report to prove that the functional group conversion ...
Organic Chemistry 1 1st Hour Exam Student ID # Name
... 1. Draw as many skeletal structures of the isomers (constitutional isomers or stereoisomers) for a compound with the molecular formula C5H10 as possible and name each isomer according to the IUPAC nomenclature. You may use the condensed formula to draw the structure if you want. ...
... 1. Draw as many skeletal structures of the isomers (constitutional isomers or stereoisomers) for a compound with the molecular formula C5H10 as possible and name each isomer according to the IUPAC nomenclature. You may use the condensed formula to draw the structure if you want. ...
Organic Chemistry
... an alkene, but still different Alkanes are known to bond to certain metals They are not as reactive as alkenes The simplest alkane there is, is methane Alkanes can form different isomers if they have more than two carbon atoms Another name for an alkane is “paraffin,” but this is more of a general t ...
... an alkene, but still different Alkanes are known to bond to certain metals They are not as reactive as alkenes The simplest alkane there is, is methane Alkanes can form different isomers if they have more than two carbon atoms Another name for an alkane is “paraffin,” but this is more of a general t ...
Functional Groups
... Aldehydes have a C=O inbetween an alkyl group and a hydrogen (i.e. always at the end of a chain). The C=O functional group is called a Ketones make up most of the chemical signals species use to communicate. The sex attracting ketones called pheromones are an example. Aldehydes are responsible for m ...
... Aldehydes have a C=O inbetween an alkyl group and a hydrogen (i.e. always at the end of a chain). The C=O functional group is called a Ketones make up most of the chemical signals species use to communicate. The sex attracting ketones called pheromones are an example. Aldehydes are responsible for m ...
File
... hydrocarbons undergo substitution more readily than addition (because of delocalization of bonds). • Example: if benzene is treated with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid (catalyst), nitrobenzene is produced. ...
... hydrocarbons undergo substitution more readily than addition (because of delocalization of bonds). • Example: if benzene is treated with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid (catalyst), nitrobenzene is produced. ...
chemistry 232 elementary organic chemistry ii
... Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes/Alkynes (Ch. 6 & 7, 11) Hydrohalogenation (i.e. addition of HCl) Halogenation (i.e. addition of Br2) Oxymercuration [addition of Hg(OAc)2] Hydroboration/Oxidation [addition of BH3 followed by NaOH/H2O2] Epoxidation (i.e. addition of mCPBA) Free-Radical Halogenation ...
... Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes/Alkynes (Ch. 6 & 7, 11) Hydrohalogenation (i.e. addition of HCl) Halogenation (i.e. addition of Br2) Oxymercuration [addition of Hg(OAc)2] Hydroboration/Oxidation [addition of BH3 followed by NaOH/H2O2] Epoxidation (i.e. addition of mCPBA) Free-Radical Halogenation ...
Chapter 18 - Hope Charter School
... a) used in vinyl and acrylic materials b) also used in oxyacetylene torches for welding and cutting metal b. Naming alkynes 1) similar to alkenes, but with the suffix –yne 2) make sure that the triple bond gets the lowest number possible c. Properties ...
... a) used in vinyl and acrylic materials b) also used in oxyacetylene torches for welding and cutting metal b. Naming alkynes 1) similar to alkenes, but with the suffix –yne 2) make sure that the triple bond gets the lowest number possible c. Properties ...
Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 10 – Alkyl Halides II Chem 2310 I
... ◦ Using these much stronger bases, vinyl halides can form alkynes, and aryl halides can form benzynes. Alkynes are stable products, but benzynes are not stable and will react further. These reactions will be covered in more detail in later chapters. ...
... ◦ Using these much stronger bases, vinyl halides can form alkynes, and aryl halides can form benzynes. Alkynes are stable products, but benzynes are not stable and will react further. These reactions will be covered in more detail in later chapters. ...
Nomenclature Summary
... 3. Identify substituents. If more than one substituent of the same kind is present, use the prefixes “di”, “tri”, “tetra”. 4. Locate the substituents by the number of the carbon to which they are attached. 5. Put substituents in alphabetical order (multiplier prefixes do not count). 6. Separate numb ...
... 3. Identify substituents. If more than one substituent of the same kind is present, use the prefixes “di”, “tri”, “tetra”. 4. Locate the substituents by the number of the carbon to which they are attached. 5. Put substituents in alphabetical order (multiplier prefixes do not count). 6. Separate numb ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.