Download Carbon Chemistry Atoms of all elements (except Noble Gases) form

Carbon Chemistry
Atoms of all elements (except Noble Gases) form chemical bonds
 But few elements have the ability of carbon to bond with both itself and other
elements in so many different ways.
o H, O, N can only form one, two, or three bonds.
o However, with 4 valence electrons, each carbon atom is able to form
________________________bonds!
 Therefore it is possible to form substances with many carbon atoms,
even thousands of them!
 The same number of carbon atoms can be arranged in different ways.
Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond-each carbon atom is bonding strongly to _____________ other carbon atoms.
 Extremely hard and unreactive—the hardest mineral
 High melting point (3,500°C+)
 Used as cutting tools
Graphite-carbon atoms are bonded together in ________________ _________________
 Weak bonds
 Slippery—so make a good machine lubricant
 Used in pencils
Fullerenes-carbon atoms are bonded together in a spherical “__________________” shape
Used to carry medicines through the body or to house tiny computer circuits.
Organic Compounds
Organic means “____________________________________________________”
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Low melting/boiling points
Strong odors
Do not conduct electric currents
Most do not dissolve in water
Hydrocarbons-simplest organic compounds
 Carbon chain may be straight, branched or ring shaped
o Examples:
o Methane (natural gas): used to __________________________________
o Propane: used in gas grills, hot air balloons
o Butane: used in ____________________________
o Gasoline: mixture of several hydrocarbons
o Parafin wax: used to make _________________________
o Petroleum jelly: vaseline
Hydrocarbons are
o Flammable
o Mix poorly with water (gasoline makes a rainbow-colored film on top of water)
Formulas and Bonds
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Shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in molecules of a compound
Each “—” represents a bond
Every hydrogen atoms forms one bond
No dangling ______________________ or _____________________
Isomers
 Compounds that have the same molecular ____________________ but different
________________
 Each isomer is a different substance with different __________________________
 Two carbon atoms can form a single, double or triple bond.
 Bonds beyond triple bonds are not found in nature.
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
 Saturated- a hydrocarbon that has only _____________________ bonds (it has the
maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible on a carbon chain)
o Any hydrocarbon that ends with __________________
 Ex: methane, propane, ethane
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons- a hydrocarbon that has ________________________ or
_______________________bonds (fewer hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom)
o Any hydrocarbon that ends with __________________ or ___________________
 Ex: ethene (found in fruits), acetylene (used in welding torches)
Substituted Hydrocarbons- Atoms of other elements (O, N, S and members of the halogen
family) replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon chain.
 Halogen Compounds
o Freon CCl F used in _____________________
2 2
o Trichloroethane C H Cl used in ___________________________
2 3
3
o Perchloroethylene C H Cl used in ________________________
2 2
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2
Alcohols -OH is substituted for hydrogen atoms
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Each OH is called a _________________________________ group
Dissolve well in water
High boiling points
Examples:
o Methanol CH3OH used to make _______________________, synthetics, remove
ice from airplanes
o Ethanol C2H5OH (naturally produced by yeast or bacteria on sugar stored in corn,
wheat, barley) used in medicine, alcoholic beverages is added to gasoline to make
“____________________________”.
o Ethanol used for industrial purposes is a poisonous mixture called _____________
____________________________________
 Organic Acids- A substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more –COOH
(__________________________________________group)
o Acetic acid CH3COOH is main ingredient in _______________________
o Malic acid is found in ____________________
o Butyric acid makes butter smell rancid
o Formic acid HCOOH is the compound that makes ________________bites and
nettles sting
 Esters-alcohol and an organic acid combined
 Pleasant, fruity smell
 Example:
o Wintergreen candy (Lifesavers)
o Pineapples, bananas, strawberries, apples
o _______________________________________
o Ingredients in medicines
Polymers-Alcohols, esters and other compounds linked together to build large molecules
with _______________________ or ________________________________ of atoms
 A long chain of molecules made up of smaller chains called “monomers
 Examples:
o _______________________ polymers
 Sheep wool, cotton, silk
o S______________________ polymers
 Nylon, rayon, polyester
 4 classes of polymers found in all living things
 _________________________________________
o Simple
 Glucose C6H12O6 found in blood
 Sucrose C12H22O11 found in cookies, candies
 Fructose
found in fruit
o Complex (built from glucose monomers)
 Starch
found in bread, cereals, pasta
 Cellulose found in stems and roots of plants
 __________________________________________________ (made from amino
acid monomers)
o Amino acids
 Amine group –NH2
 Acid carboxyl group -COOH
 ______________________________________ (store twice as much energy as
carbohydrates)
o Fats and Oils (saturated and unsaturated)
o Cholesterol- waxy substance found in all animal cells
 ___________________________________________ (made of monomers called
nucleotides)
o DNA and RNA
 Other nutrients found in foods
 Vitamins- organic compounds your body needs
 Minerals- ____________________________________ in your body (inorganic) Na, Ca, I, K