Organic Chemistry Chapter 2 - Snow College | It's SNOWing
... • The greater the number of branches the lower the boiling point • The greater number of electronegative atoms the higher the boiling point ...
... • The greater the number of branches the lower the boiling point • The greater number of electronegative atoms the higher the boiling point ...
Simplified Table of Proton NMR Chemical Shifts Chemical Shift
... If the proton(s) of interest are attached to a carbon atom that: ...
... If the proton(s) of interest are attached to a carbon atom that: ...
Relative Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones: Generally
... Aldehydes are stronger electrophiles. They have a larger partial positive charge. Why? Alkyl groups are electron-donating (see Ch. 7 in 8th edition about electron-donating effects of alkyl groups with alkenes). Ketones will be inductively stabilized by the presence of two electron-donating alkyl gro ...
... Aldehydes are stronger electrophiles. They have a larger partial positive charge. Why? Alkyl groups are electron-donating (see Ch. 7 in 8th edition about electron-donating effects of alkyl groups with alkenes). Ketones will be inductively stabilized by the presence of two electron-donating alkyl gro ...
Hydrocarbons and Funcitonal Groups
... 3. Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their positions on the chain. 2 - (substituent group)-3-(substituent group)heptane 2-methyl-3-ethylheptane* *this is NOT the final name of this molecule 4. Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of the group more than once in a struc ...
... 3. Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their positions on the chain. 2 - (substituent group)-3-(substituent group)heptane 2-methyl-3-ethylheptane* *this is NOT the final name of this molecule 4. Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of the group more than once in a struc ...
organic chemistry - Assignment Point
... Fluorine becomes fluoro Chlorine becomes chloro Bromine becomes bromo Iodine becomes iodo www.assignmentpoint.com ...
... Fluorine becomes fluoro Chlorine becomes chloro Bromine becomes bromo Iodine becomes iodo www.assignmentpoint.com ...
Chapter 9 Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides
... • The mechanism of ether cleavage is SN1 or SN2, depending on the identity of R. • When 2° or 3° alkyl groups are bonded to the ether oxygen, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN1 mechanism involving a carbocation. With methyl or 1° R groups, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN2 mechanism. Example: In the ...
... • The mechanism of ether cleavage is SN1 or SN2, depending on the identity of R. • When 2° or 3° alkyl groups are bonded to the ether oxygen, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN1 mechanism involving a carbocation. With methyl or 1° R groups, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN2 mechanism. Example: In the ...
Ch 10 Haloalkanes n haloarenes
... Tert-butyl chloride reacts via SN¹ mechanism because the heterolytic cleavage of C — Cl bond in tert-butyl chloride gives 3 carbocation which is highly stable and favourable for SN¹ mechanism. Moreover, tert-butyl chloride (3°) bring a bulky molecule has steric hindrance which will not allow SN² mec ...
... Tert-butyl chloride reacts via SN¹ mechanism because the heterolytic cleavage of C — Cl bond in tert-butyl chloride gives 3 carbocation which is highly stable and favourable for SN¹ mechanism. Moreover, tert-butyl chloride (3°) bring a bulky molecule has steric hindrance which will not allow SN² mec ...
A2 LEVEL CHEMISTRY 4.1.1 ARENES TEST Answer all questions
... In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and organisation of scientific terms. Describe how benzene could be converted into nitrobenzene. State the reagents and conditions, give a balanced equation for each stage and show the structure of the product. ...
... In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and organisation of scientific terms. Describe how benzene could be converted into nitrobenzene. State the reagents and conditions, give a balanced equation for each stage and show the structure of the product. ...
The SN2 Reaction: 1
... In this experiment 1-butanol is converted to 1-bromobutane by an SN2 reaction. In general, a primary alkyl bromide can be prepared by heating the corresponding alcohol with (1) constantboiling hydrobromic acid (47% HBr), (2) an aqueous solution of sodium bromide and excess sulfuric acid, which is an ...
... In this experiment 1-butanol is converted to 1-bromobutane by an SN2 reaction. In general, a primary alkyl bromide can be prepared by heating the corresponding alcohol with (1) constantboiling hydrobromic acid (47% HBr), (2) an aqueous solution of sodium bromide and excess sulfuric acid, which is an ...
File
... • Most organic compounds burn in air, forming carbon dioxide and water • The structure of the compounds’ molecules is completely destroyed, with the carbon and hydrogen atoms in each molecule being oxidised • Combustion is exothermic, and ethanol is used as a fuel where it can be produced cheaply ...
... • Most organic compounds burn in air, forming carbon dioxide and water • The structure of the compounds’ molecules is completely destroyed, with the carbon and hydrogen atoms in each molecule being oxidised • Combustion is exothermic, and ethanol is used as a fuel where it can be produced cheaply ...
Organometallic Compounds
... Try to see what factors promote the formation of the negative charge on the carbon atoms: hybridization, resonance. ...
... Try to see what factors promote the formation of the negative charge on the carbon atoms: hybridization, resonance. ...
Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions
... Constraints on Enolate Alkylation • SN2 reaction: the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
... Constraints on Enolate Alkylation • SN2 reaction: the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
Answer Key - OISE-IS-Chemistry-2011-2012
... 17. Complete the following reactions, by drawing all reactants, then drawing and naming all products. [8 marks] propyne + excess hydrogen bromide ...
... 17. Complete the following reactions, by drawing all reactants, then drawing and naming all products. [8 marks] propyne + excess hydrogen bromide ...
Exam 2 SOLUTION
... a) How many steps are in the mechanism to this reaction? There are 4 steps to this mechanism. b) Which step is the rate-determining step? The second step, with the highest activation barrier, is the RDS. c) Label ∆Hrxn and the activation energies on the graph. 4. Using curved-arrow notation, give th ...
... a) How many steps are in the mechanism to this reaction? There are 4 steps to this mechanism. b) Which step is the rate-determining step? The second step, with the highest activation barrier, is the RDS. c) Label ∆Hrxn and the activation energies on the graph. 4. Using curved-arrow notation, give th ...
lect7
... Transition metal organometallics - summary -bonded compounds Ligands such as CO, NO and phosphines (PR3) bind to low oxidation state transition metals by "synergic" & bonds. Alkenes and other unsaturated organic molecules attach side-on to the metal atoms. They also are held in place by "sy ...
... Transition metal organometallics - summary -bonded compounds Ligands such as CO, NO and phosphines (PR3) bind to low oxidation state transition metals by "synergic" & bonds. Alkenes and other unsaturated organic molecules attach side-on to the metal atoms. They also are held in place by "sy ...
benzylic alcohols
... In general, it is usually more convenient to synthesis acids by routes which do not involve the aldehyde, such as the carbonation of organicmetallic compounds or from the malonic ester. Those aldehydes which do not possess hydrocarbon atoms undergo the Cannizzaro reaction with base; e.g. benzaldehyd ...
... In general, it is usually more convenient to synthesis acids by routes which do not involve the aldehyde, such as the carbonation of organicmetallic compounds or from the malonic ester. Those aldehydes which do not possess hydrocarbon atoms undergo the Cannizzaro reaction with base; e.g. benzaldehyd ...
Final Exam Review
... Topics that may be covered on the final: What are the products of free radical halogenation of an alkane (ex: Cl2/hv light)? What is the electivity for brominations vs. chlorinations? How are alkyne anions formed from terminal alkynes? Which radical or anion is most stable? Proper names for compound ...
... Topics that may be covered on the final: What are the products of free radical halogenation of an alkane (ex: Cl2/hv light)? What is the electivity for brominations vs. chlorinations? How are alkyne anions formed from terminal alkynes? Which radical or anion is most stable? Proper names for compound ...
doc
... then evaluate If an atom with higher atomic number is attached, it wins: Br > Cl > S > O> N > C > H Also, T > D > H ...
... then evaluate If an atom with higher atomic number is attached, it wins: Br > Cl > S > O> N > C > H Also, T > D > H ...
THE CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND
... nitrogen - amides with alkyl or other substituents on N cannot be dehydrated. (2) SOCl2 is thionyl chloride and POCl3 is phosphorus oxychloride. Both are powerful dehydrating agents. Reactivity of Nitriles: ...
... nitrogen - amides with alkyl or other substituents on N cannot be dehydrated. (2) SOCl2 is thionyl chloride and POCl3 is phosphorus oxychloride. Both are powerful dehydrating agents. Reactivity of Nitriles: ...
Set 1 - ExamResults.net
... II. Answer Any FIVE of the following. ( Each questions carries 2 mark) 5 × 2 = 10 11. a) Give one example for paramagnetic substance. b) Which type of binding force existing in ice? 12. Write anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions taking place in Daniel cell. 13. Show that for first order reaction ...
... II. Answer Any FIVE of the following. ( Each questions carries 2 mark) 5 × 2 = 10 11. a) Give one example for paramagnetic substance. b) Which type of binding force existing in ice? 12. Write anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions taking place in Daniel cell. 13. Show that for first order reaction ...
Document
... • Usually Dissolved in Solvent (CH3CO2H, CH2Cl2) • Can be Bubbled Through Solution as a Gas • Addition of HCl not Generally Useful (Works w/ Silica Gel) ...
... • Usually Dissolved in Solvent (CH3CO2H, CH2Cl2) • Can be Bubbled Through Solution as a Gas • Addition of HCl not Generally Useful (Works w/ Silica Gel) ...
Organic Chemistry HW PSI Chemistry
... 8) Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A) C3H8 B) C2H6 C) CH4 D) C2H4 E) C2H2 9) The gasoline consumed by an automobile is a fossil fuel consisting mostly of A) aldehydes. B) amino acids. C) alcohols. D) hydrocarbons. E) thiols. 10) Hydrocarbons containing o ...
... 8) Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A) C3H8 B) C2H6 C) CH4 D) C2H4 E) C2H2 9) The gasoline consumed by an automobile is a fossil fuel consisting mostly of A) aldehydes. B) amino acids. C) alcohols. D) hydrocarbons. E) thiols. 10) Hydrocarbons containing o ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.