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Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory

... Magistretti and Allaman, 2015). Aerobic glycolysis can be described as the reliance on glycolysis, even when oxygen is not rate-limiting, with the concomitant production of lactate as a by-product (Lunt and Vander Heiden, 2011). Emerging evidence suggests that lactate production and transport betwee ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule

... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia

... reveal a change in orexin expression in feeding paradigms associated with elevated leptin (11, 53), suggesting that this hormone may not be a key physiological regulator of the orexins. Other evidence implicates glucose and insulin in the control of the orexins. Because the LH contains neurons that ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of

... Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed as previously described (Wilson et al., 2004), with some modifications. Flies were cold-anesthetized and fixed to the underside of a custom-milled steel platform (0.001” thickness). The fly was mounted with its ventral side facing up, using UV-cured g ...
Sex-specific alterations in glucose homeostasis and metabolic
Sex-specific alterations in glucose homeostasis and metabolic

A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal

... downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unclear. In mice, several different types of DSGCs connect to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)4–6, the visual thalamic structure that harbours cortical relay neurons. Whether direction-selecti ...
Reverse engineering the lordosis behavior circuit.
Reverse engineering the lordosis behavior circuit.

... circuits regulating these other activities during the entire lordosis responsive period in a manner distinct from any other time. Simply evaluating the amount of time spent performing other behaviors before, during, and after the receptive period would address this hypothesis, especially if the peri ...
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms

... in part to answer evolutionary physiological questions. We ask how genetic variation in neuroendocrine traits affects phenotypes that are subject to natural selection, how selection might act on phenotypes to alter neuroendocrine traits within a population, how much genetic variation in neuroendocri ...
Nerve growth factor receptors in dementia - Tubitak Journals
Nerve growth factor receptors in dementia - Tubitak Journals

... was demonstrated to prevent neuronal loss after axotomy when supplied at the site of injury (8). Furthermore, it was reported that reduction in NGF availability leads to a conditioning lesion-like effect on sympathetic neurons. Results of that study suggested that this effect might be due to the dec ...
chapter 12. schizophrenia 12.4 schizophrenia
chapter 12. schizophrenia 12.4 schizophrenia

... replicate this, and several were able to clearly reject linkage to loci from 5q. While this failure dampened enthusiasm for genetic studies of schizophrenia, the relentless advances in statistical genetics and the molecular biology of the human genome have provided powerful new tools for detecting g ...
FREE Sample Here
FREE Sample Here

... B) calcium C) the distance of the cleft D) the concentration of neurotransmitter E) neurotransmitter vesicles Answer: D Diff: 4 Page Ref: 198 17) The synaptic delay is caused by the time required for which step of neurotransmitter release? A) an action potential to move from axon hillock to axon ter ...
Neonatal Ethanol Exposure Impairs Trace Fear Conditioning and
Neonatal Ethanol Exposure Impairs Trace Fear Conditioning and

... In the DH and mPFC, NMDARs play an important role in the encoding and consolidation of TFC. For instance, pretraining infusions of an NMDAR antagonist into either region impairs TFC, as evidenced by reduced freezing behavior during context and CS retention testing (Gilmartin and Helmstetter, 2010; Q ...
Physiology of Ejaculation
Physiology of Ejaculation

... innervation, the external urethral sphincter and pelvic floor striated muscles are controlled exclusively by the somatic nervous system. Although the somatic nervous system is typically under voluntary control, it is unclear whether the expulsion phase of ejaculation can be voluntarily controlled. A ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction

... channel via coupling of µ opiate receptors with Gi/o . Additional acute inhibitory effects may reflect inhibition of an inward Na+ current also via Gi/o leading to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC), reduced levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP), reduced PKA (protein kinase A) activity, and reduced phosphory ...
Vasopressin Receptors of the Vasopressor (V,)
Vasopressin Receptors of the Vasopressor (V,)

α7 and β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Form
α7 and β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Form

... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever

... might be due to redundant peripheral and central sensory mechanisms that are inherent in the thermoregulatory system to secure the maintenance of thermal homeostasis. There are several findings suggesting a role of TRPV1 in thermoregulatory and metabolic functions. TRPV1 is a TRP channel that can be ...
Neurobiology of injury to the developing brain.
Neurobiology of injury to the developing brain.

... immediately after a PBBI along the penetrating injury tract. Injured control rats received only liquefied collagen matrix. All animals were allowed to survive two weeks. Consistent with our previous results AMP cells suspended in ACCS failed to survive; likewise, no collagen was identified at the in ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever

... might be due to redundant peripheral and central sensory mechanisms that are inherent in the thermoregulatory system to secure the maintenance of thermal homeostasis. There are several findings suggesting a role of TRPV1 in thermoregulatory and metabolic functions. TRPV1 is a TRP channel that can be ...
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required

... callosum and the lateral amygdaloid nucleus in the CKO brain were significantly reduced, while the hippocampus was relatively enlarged with respect to the reduced hemisphere (Table 2), which we attribute to the absence of Cre expression in the hippocampus (Fig.1g and S1a,b). Given the critical role ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
Production of nerve growth factor by

... coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal neurons from 18E rats were prepared as described by Banker and Cowan (1977). Hippocampi were dissected and then disso ...
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion

... DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-positive neurons per DRG at day 1 and day 14 after CFA injection reached 1.5-fold and 1.7-fold of the control level. There was a shift of VR1 expression from small to medium neurons (Fig. 3 ...
Possible Mechanism Underlying
Possible Mechanism Underlying

... which leads to dysphoria or anxiety during withdrawal (32). Yin and Yang theory may explain these seemingly opposite proponent and opponent theories underlying drug addiction and relapse to drug seeking. Koob and Moal Le (33) proposed a conceptual framework of allostasis which focused on abnormal ch ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling

... BL under the control of LHRH promoter (6). Sites of BL expression, while also visualizing minor labeling along the vomeronasal pathway, also evidenced major and yet undescribed input from the main olfactory system. These results provide strong support to behavioral genetic experiments that uncovered ...
Gustatory Responses of Eel Palatine Receptors to Amino Acids and
Gustatory Responses of Eel Palatine Receptors to Amino Acids and

... ABSTRACT The gustatory receptors of the eel palate were found to be extremely sensitive to amino acids and carboxylic acids. The results obtained are as follows: (a) 11 amino acids which are among naturally occurring amino acids elicited responses in the palatine nerve, but 9 amino acids did not eli ...
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Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system is a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors in the brain that are involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory; it mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis and, broadly speaking, includes: The endogenous arachidonate-based lipids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); these are known as ""endocannabinoids"" and are physiological ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids are all eicosanoids. The enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase. The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.The neurons, neural pathways, and other cells where these molecules, enzymes, and one or both cannabinoid receptor types are all colocalized form the endocannabinoid system.The endocannabinoid system has been studied using genetic and pharmacological methods. These studies have revealed that cannabinoids act as neuromodulators for a variety of processes, including motor learning, appetite, and pain sensation, among other cognitive and physical processes. The localization of the CB1 receptor in the endocannabinoid system has a very large degree of overlap with the orexinergic projection system, which mediates many of the same functions, both physical and cognitive. Moreover, CB1 is colocalized on orexin projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures of the orexin system, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors physically and functionally join together to form the CB1–OX1 receptor heterodimer.
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