Stress and Glucocorticoids Affect the Expression of Brain
... important in cognitive processes such as learning and memory, neuronal damage to this structure may be linked to the cognitive impairments that occur during aging and chronic stress. Aside from the role of glucocorticoids, exactly how chronic stress causes neuronal damage is unclear. Glucocorticoids ...
... important in cognitive processes such as learning and memory, neuronal damage to this structure may be linked to the cognitive impairments that occur during aging and chronic stress. Aside from the role of glucocorticoids, exactly how chronic stress causes neuronal damage is unclear. Glucocorticoids ...
The Reflex Arc and Reflexes Lab
... (afferent) neuron. The sensory neuron leads into the central nervous system and may communicate with one or more interneurons. Some of these interneurons, in turn, communicate with motor (efferent) neurons, whose axons (nerve fibers) lead outward to effectors. Thus, when a sensory receptor is stimul ...
... (afferent) neuron. The sensory neuron leads into the central nervous system and may communicate with one or more interneurons. Some of these interneurons, in turn, communicate with motor (efferent) neurons, whose axons (nerve fibers) lead outward to effectors. Thus, when a sensory receptor is stimul ...
Subunit Composition of N-Methyl-D
... tion of native NMDA receptors, previous pharmacological studies of NMDA receptors using radioligand binding and electrophysiological techniques have shown evidence for heterogeneity in native NMDA receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system (Beaton et al., 1992; Stern et al., 1992; Sakurai et ...
... tion of native NMDA receptors, previous pharmacological studies of NMDA receptors using radioligand binding and electrophysiological techniques have shown evidence for heterogeneity in native NMDA receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system (Beaton et al., 1992; Stern et al., 1992; Sakurai et ...
1 Spiking Neurons
... several spikes should occur within the time window. Values of T = 100 ms or T = 500 ms are typical, but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations, particularly in experiments on sensory or motor systems. A classical example is ...
... several spikes should occur within the time window. Values of T = 100 ms or T = 500 ms are typical, but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations, particularly in experiments on sensory or motor systems. A classical example is ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... glutamate receptor activation are involved in the effects of nicotine on discharge frequency but not pattern. Furthermore, nicotine (1.0 mM) exerted a greater increase in the firing frequency of VTA neurons relative to SNc neurons, suggesting that the differential effects on the two populations prev ...
... glutamate receptor activation are involved in the effects of nicotine on discharge frequency but not pattern. Furthermore, nicotine (1.0 mM) exerted a greater increase in the firing frequency of VTA neurons relative to SNc neurons, suggesting that the differential effects on the two populations prev ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
... these chains receive input from only the thoracolumbar region of the cord, they extend into the cervical and sacral to coccygeal regions as well. Some nerve fibers entering the chain at levels T1 to L2 travel up or down the chain to reach these cervical and sacral ganglia. The number of ganglia vari ...
... these chains receive input from only the thoracolumbar region of the cord, they extend into the cervical and sacral to coccygeal regions as well. Some nerve fibers entering the chain at levels T1 to L2 travel up or down the chain to reach these cervical and sacral ganglia. The number of ganglia vari ...
The neuronal structure of the globus pallidus in the rabbit — Nissl
... which mostly penetrate into the initial portions of the dendritic trunks. The large neurons are the most numerous in the rabbit’s GP. Complex terminal endings (Fig. 2). The pallidal distal dendrites taper progressively and they may form many types of appendages on their terminal portions that are ca ...
... which mostly penetrate into the initial portions of the dendritic trunks. The large neurons are the most numerous in the rabbit’s GP. Complex terminal endings (Fig. 2). The pallidal distal dendrites taper progressively and they may form many types of appendages on their terminal portions that are ca ...
Nissl substance and cellular structures involved in the intraneuronal
... envelope is interrupted (Fig.4,5). Glial cytoplasm contains much less dictyosomes than MRN and vesicles seldom contact to glial membranes exposed to the neuroglial cleft. Hence, the level of exocytosis from glial cells is low (Fig.47). Although the vesicular transport of macromolecules between MRN a ...
... envelope is interrupted (Fig.4,5). Glial cytoplasm contains much less dictyosomes than MRN and vesicles seldom contact to glial membranes exposed to the neuroglial cleft. Hence, the level of exocytosis from glial cells is low (Fig.47). Although the vesicular transport of macromolecules between MRN a ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... mechanisms. It is well known that blockade of glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glycinergic pathways causes major or even complete disruption of cardiorespiratory systems, whereas antagonism of other neurotransmitter systems barely affects circulation or ventilation. Despite the lack o ...
... mechanisms. It is well known that blockade of glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glycinergic pathways causes major or even complete disruption of cardiorespiratory systems, whereas antagonism of other neurotransmitter systems barely affects circulation or ventilation. Despite the lack o ...
Glucocorticoids Enhance the Excitability of Principal Basolateral
... hormones play a crucial role (de Kloet et al., 1999; Roozendaal, 1999; McGaugh and Roozendaal, 2002). Indeed, they are released in high concentrations during stress (Sapolsky et al., 1986), and posttraining infusions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists in the BLA impair memory consolidation ...
... hormones play a crucial role (de Kloet et al., 1999; Roozendaal, 1999; McGaugh and Roozendaal, 2002). Indeed, they are released in high concentrations during stress (Sapolsky et al., 1986), and posttraining infusions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists in the BLA impair memory consolidation ...
Calcium-Independent Afterdepolarization Regulated by Serotonin in
... an afterdepolarization (ADP) in thalamocortical neurons that is mediated by an upregulation of the hyperpolarization-activated current Ih. This ADP has been suggested to play a key role in the generation of spindle oscillations. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, upregulation of Ih has been shown to ...
... an afterdepolarization (ADP) in thalamocortical neurons that is mediated by an upregulation of the hyperpolarization-activated current Ih. This ADP has been suggested to play a key role in the generation of spindle oscillations. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, upregulation of Ih has been shown to ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... The complexity and simplicity of dopamine neurons Dopamine neurons have a complex organisation and afferent input at level of SNC (normality) The projections of dopamine neurons are extremely complex and massive (complexity) Responses of dopamine neurons are relatively simple and uniform (simpli ...
... The complexity and simplicity of dopamine neurons Dopamine neurons have a complex organisation and afferent input at level of SNC (normality) The projections of dopamine neurons are extremely complex and massive (complexity) Responses of dopamine neurons are relatively simple and uniform (simpli ...
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
... information? Odorant stimuli are received from the environment by receptors on olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge from ihe olfactory mucosa, they fasciculate to form the olfactor ...
... information? Odorant stimuli are received from the environment by receptors on olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge from ihe olfactory mucosa, they fasciculate to form the olfactor ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
... and to study the possible correlation between their response characteristics to afferent (labyrinth and neck) inputs and cell size inferred from the conduction velocity of the vestibulospinal axon. If response characteristics are determined by neuronal properties related to cell size, then they shou ...
... and to study the possible correlation between their response characteristics to afferent (labyrinth and neck) inputs and cell size inferred from the conduction velocity of the vestibulospinal axon. If response characteristics are determined by neuronal properties related to cell size, then they shou ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
... 118) and could mediate cell-cell signaling at early contacts. In developing cortex, injections of the intercellular tracer neurobiotin reveal extensive coupling via gap junctions between groups of cortical neurons. These groups of neurons exhibit synchronous bursts of intracellular Ca2/ changes (366 ...
... 118) and could mediate cell-cell signaling at early contacts. In developing cortex, injections of the intercellular tracer neurobiotin reveal extensive coupling via gap junctions between groups of cortical neurons. These groups of neurons exhibit synchronous bursts of intracellular Ca2/ changes (366 ...
Hormones - physiology
... So: the genetic processes that produce the α chains are the same. 2. β chains : unlike α chains , β chains are specific for each hormone. So: when you measure the activity of any hormone >> you measured the activity of β chains. E.g: FSH hormones, LH, HCG …. For example: HCG is the hormone that is i ...
... So: the genetic processes that produce the α chains are the same. 2. β chains : unlike α chains , β chains are specific for each hormone. So: when you measure the activity of any hormone >> you measured the activity of β chains. E.g: FSH hormones, LH, HCG …. For example: HCG is the hormone that is i ...
Physiology of endocrine system
... • Neurons of the hypothalamus receive synaptic input, both stimulatory and inhibitory, from virtually all areas of the central nervous system, and specific neural pathways influence secretion of the individual hypophysiotropic hormones. • A large number of neurotransmitters (for example, the catecho ...
... • Neurons of the hypothalamus receive synaptic input, both stimulatory and inhibitory, from virtually all areas of the central nervous system, and specific neural pathways influence secretion of the individual hypophysiotropic hormones. • A large number of neurotransmitters (for example, the catecho ...
Molecular and morphological analyses of basal forebrain
... ganglionic eminence (LGE) and the preoptic area (POA) which contribute to nearly all forebrain structures such as the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and septum (Marin et al., 2000; Gelman et al., 2009; Nobrega-Pereira et al., 2010). Migratory cells from each of these three embryonic prolife ...
... ganglionic eminence (LGE) and the preoptic area (POA) which contribute to nearly all forebrain structures such as the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and septum (Marin et al., 2000; Gelman et al., 2009; Nobrega-Pereira et al., 2010). Migratory cells from each of these three embryonic prolife ...
J Darnell, KH2 domain I304N RGG G
... Sensory to L7 motor neuron “plastic” synapse Neuron need not be present for synaptogenesis Synaptogenesis is anisomycin sensitive 80-100 mRNAs transported to neuritic region Sensorin—Orphan peptide Expressed in sensory neuron, not in L7 Translational regulation, not dependent on transcription Specif ...
... Sensory to L7 motor neuron “plastic” synapse Neuron need not be present for synaptogenesis Synaptogenesis is anisomycin sensitive 80-100 mRNAs transported to neuritic region Sensorin—Orphan peptide Expressed in sensory neuron, not in L7 Translational regulation, not dependent on transcription Specif ...
Smell Prism - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ
... Smell is a chemical sense that evaluates vaporous environmental chemicals. We perceive many odor qualities, notes perhaps each associated with one of the hundreds of olfactory receptors (OR). Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with cilia containing a G-protiencoupled OR and axons that co ...
... Smell is a chemical sense that evaluates vaporous environmental chemicals. We perceive many odor qualities, notes perhaps each associated with one of the hundreds of olfactory receptors (OR). Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with cilia containing a G-protiencoupled OR and axons that co ...
Photoreception
... Photoreception: The vertebrate retina is a thin sheet of tissue lining the posterior part of the eye. It is highly organized and consists of several layers of neurons (Fig. 1). The outermost layer comprises photosensitive cells, called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors are signal transducers; they ...
... Photoreception: The vertebrate retina is a thin sheet of tissue lining the posterior part of the eye. It is highly organized and consists of several layers of neurons (Fig. 1). The outermost layer comprises photosensitive cells, called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors are signal transducers; they ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... performing the water maze task, the mice were handled for a week. For initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two trials per day for LTG-treated mice. At the start of the first session ...
... performing the water maze task, the mice were handled for a week. For initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two trials per day for LTG-treated mice. At the start of the first session ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... [51]. Furthermore, HF has been viewed as a proinflammatory state as well as a condition characterized by high levels of oxidative stress [52-54]. In patients and animals with HF, increased oxidative stress has been shown to occur in many tissues, including the heart and brain [55-59]. The NAD(P)H ox ...
... [51]. Furthermore, HF has been viewed as a proinflammatory state as well as a condition characterized by high levels of oxidative stress [52-54]. In patients and animals with HF, increased oxidative stress has been shown to occur in many tissues, including the heart and brain [55-59]. The NAD(P)H ox ...