Contraction Properties of VLSI Cooperative Competitive Neural
... We can define more generally a local coordinate transformation δ z=Θδ x, where Θ(x,t) is a square matrix, such that M(x,t) = ΘT Θ is a uniformly positive definite, symmetric and continuously differentiable metric. Note that the coordinate system z(x,t) does not need to exist, and will not in the gen ...
... We can define more generally a local coordinate transformation δ z=Θδ x, where Θ(x,t) is a square matrix, such that M(x,t) = ΘT Θ is a uniformly positive definite, symmetric and continuously differentiable metric. Note that the coordinate system z(x,t) does not need to exist, and will not in the gen ...
Control of Wake and Sleep States
... NO rises in early stages of sleep deprivation. NO produced by iNOS affects BF and causes sleep through release of adenosine, inhibition of neuronal activity, inhibition of adenosine kinase, and stimulation of co-release of ATP which is degraded to adenosine. ...
... NO rises in early stages of sleep deprivation. NO produced by iNOS affects BF and causes sleep through release of adenosine, inhibition of neuronal activity, inhibition of adenosine kinase, and stimulation of co-release of ATP which is degraded to adenosine. ...
The Central Nervous System
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia
... Recent evidence indicates that brain resident macrophages, microglial cells, are essential for the proper wiring of neuronal networks at postnatal periods 1, 2. The critical process of developmental elimination of inappropriate synapses involves the phagocytic activity of microglia 3, 4, however, th ...
... Recent evidence indicates that brain resident macrophages, microglial cells, are essential for the proper wiring of neuronal networks at postnatal periods 1, 2. The critical process of developmental elimination of inappropriate synapses involves the phagocytic activity of microglia 3, 4, however, th ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... janus-activating kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway and the phosphoinositol-3 kinase and adenosine monophosphate kinase pathways, and is essential for the weight-reducing effect of leptin (4 – 6). In particular, Ob-Rb is found in hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding b ...
... janus-activating kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway and the phosphoinositol-3 kinase and adenosine monophosphate kinase pathways, and is essential for the weight-reducing effect of leptin (4 – 6). In particular, Ob-Rb is found in hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding b ...
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
... release through the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The activation of the US pathway triggers interneurons to release serotonin, which binds to G-protein-coupled receptors in the CS interneurons, resulting in a potentiation of adenylyl cyclase. This coincident activation of adenylyl cyclase by G-pro ...
... release through the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The activation of the US pathway triggers interneurons to release serotonin, which binds to G-protein-coupled receptors in the CS interneurons, resulting in a potentiation of adenylyl cyclase. This coincident activation of adenylyl cyclase by G-pro ...
A lineage-related reciprocal inhibition circuitry for sensory
... in b. (b) CX neuropils are interconnected by projections from columnar neurons and tangential neurons (FB-EB neurons and EB-ring neurons). Histological, immunocytochemical, and clonal analyses demonstrate that columnar projection neurons connect all CX substructures and are subdivided into modules e ...
... in b. (b) CX neuropils are interconnected by projections from columnar neurons and tangential neurons (FB-EB neurons and EB-ring neurons). Histological, immunocytochemical, and clonal analyses demonstrate that columnar projection neurons connect all CX substructures and are subdivided into modules e ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... hypothalamic area. The distribution of PrRP-containing fibers in the ventral subdivision of the DMH overlapped completely with the area that contained the Fosimmunoreactive neurons. It was shown that essentially all of these PrRP-ir fibers and terminals contained tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), like PrRP ...
... hypothalamic area. The distribution of PrRP-containing fibers in the ventral subdivision of the DMH overlapped completely with the area that contained the Fosimmunoreactive neurons. It was shown that essentially all of these PrRP-ir fibers and terminals contained tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), like PrRP ...
6 - Coach Eikrem's Website
... • The function of the nervous system is to coordinate all body systems! This is accomplished by the transmission of signals (electrochemical) from body parts to the brain and back to the body parts.. • The nervous system is composed of: • Neurons • Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, a ...
... • The function of the nervous system is to coordinate all body systems! This is accomplished by the transmission of signals (electrochemical) from body parts to the brain and back to the body parts.. • The nervous system is composed of: • Neurons • Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, a ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560; and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan ...
... Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560; and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan ...
5-HT Receptor Regulation of Neurotransmitter Release
... 5-HT heteroreceptors. GABA released from GABAergic ...
... 5-HT heteroreceptors. GABA released from GABAergic ...
Cerebellar control of the inferior olive
... to the Purkinje cells is excitatory, the long-term effect is to depress spontaneous activity. An increase in olivary discharge rate over ,2 Hz will cause a strong suppression of simple spike firing (22,45,46). Conversely, if the Purkinje cell is deprived of climbing fibre input, there is a rapid (wi ...
... to the Purkinje cells is excitatory, the long-term effect is to depress spontaneous activity. An increase in olivary discharge rate over ,2 Hz will cause a strong suppression of simple spike firing (22,45,46). Conversely, if the Purkinje cell is deprived of climbing fibre input, there is a rapid (wi ...
Understanding Embodied Cognition through Dynamical Systems
... lower left quadrant. As neurons in the nervous system are richly connected, there are many potential sources for such transient perturbations. Any given neuronal state will persist long enough to have an effect on other neurons only if it is stabilized against the majority of such perturbative inpu ...
... lower left quadrant. As neurons in the nervous system are richly connected, there are many potential sources for such transient perturbations. Any given neuronal state will persist long enough to have an effect on other neurons only if it is stabilized against the majority of such perturbative inpu ...
Chapter 3
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
Chapter 3
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
... • Lower motor neurons extend from the brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles. • These lower motor neurons are called the final common pathway because many regulatory mechanisms converge on these peripheral neurons. ...
Genetic and Physiological Contributions to Obesity
... is also important in maintaining the homeostasis of weight by increasing and decreasing levels and concentration as needed (Kalra, 2004). There are four NPY receptors, which have been demonstrated to have effects on one’s body weight and eating habits. These receptors are Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 (Hohmann ...
... is also important in maintaining the homeostasis of weight by increasing and decreasing levels and concentration as needed (Kalra, 2004). There are four NPY receptors, which have been demonstrated to have effects on one’s body weight and eating habits. These receptors are Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 (Hohmann ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... events produce different, mostly slower, electrophysiological dopamine responses that consist predominantly of depressions. Additionally, more modest dopamine concentration fluctuations, related to punishment and movement, are seen at 200–18 000 times longer time courses using voltammetry and microd ...
... events produce different, mostly slower, electrophysiological dopamine responses that consist predominantly of depressions. Additionally, more modest dopamine concentration fluctuations, related to punishment and movement, are seen at 200–18 000 times longer time courses using voltammetry and microd ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... especially slow-wave sleep (Marshall et al., 2006). It has been hypothesized that this improvement is due to interactions between the hippocampus and neocortex during sleep, leading to a transfer of newly acquired representations from the hippocampus to neocortex to form long-term memories. Recent s ...
... especially slow-wave sleep (Marshall et al., 2006). It has been hypothesized that this improvement is due to interactions between the hippocampus and neocortex during sleep, leading to a transfer of newly acquired representations from the hippocampus to neocortex to form long-term memories. Recent s ...
The emerging framework of mammalian auditory hindbrain
... Musiek 1997). Since most neuronal disorders are rooted in aberrant developmental processes, insights into the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of these processes will advance basic and clinical research alike. Development of mammalian neural circuits is a complex process, involving multipl ...
... Musiek 1997). Since most neuronal disorders are rooted in aberrant developmental processes, insights into the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of these processes will advance basic and clinical research alike. Development of mammalian neural circuits is a complex process, involving multipl ...
Full Text
... (Boettner and Van Aelst, 2009). Like other GTPases, Rap1 functions as a molecular switch by cycling between GTPbound active and GDP-bound inactive forms. Their interconversion is reciprocally stimulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), where GEFs m ...
... (Boettner and Van Aelst, 2009). Like other GTPases, Rap1 functions as a molecular switch by cycling between GTPbound active and GDP-bound inactive forms. Their interconversion is reciprocally stimulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), where GEFs m ...
Pituitary hormones_E
... (DDAVP) has two major advantages: the vasoconstrictor effect has been reduced to near insignificance and the duration of action with nasal instillation, spray or s.c. injection, is 8–20 h (t1/2 75 min) so that, using it once to twice daily, patients are not inconvenienced by frequent recurrence of p ...
... (DDAVP) has two major advantages: the vasoconstrictor effect has been reduced to near insignificance and the duration of action with nasal instillation, spray or s.c. injection, is 8–20 h (t1/2 75 min) so that, using it once to twice daily, patients are not inconvenienced by frequent recurrence of p ...
Asymmetry of the Neuroendocrine System
... ventral region of lamina II, which preferentially activates the interneurons, evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials, which are also mediated by glutamate and predominantly sustained by non-NMDA receptors (20). Although these studies have indicated that glutamate is the most common fast excitator ...
... ventral region of lamina II, which preferentially activates the interneurons, evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials, which are also mediated by glutamate and predominantly sustained by non-NMDA receptors (20). Although these studies have indicated that glutamate is the most common fast excitator ...
Stress and Glucocorticoids Affect the Expression of Brain
... important in cognitive processes such as learning and memory, neuronal damage to this structure may be linked to the cognitive impairments that occur during aging and chronic stress. Aside from the role of glucocorticoids, exactly how chronic stress causes neuronal damage is unclear. Glucocorticoids ...
... important in cognitive processes such as learning and memory, neuronal damage to this structure may be linked to the cognitive impairments that occur during aging and chronic stress. Aside from the role of glucocorticoids, exactly how chronic stress causes neuronal damage is unclear. Glucocorticoids ...