Reith RM, McKenna J, Wu H, Hashmi SS, Cho SH, Dash PK, Gambello MJ. Loss of Tsc2 in Purkinje cells is associated with autistic-like behavior in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurobiology of Disease. 2013 Mar;51:93-103.
... (Cappon, 1953; Rutter, 1978; Wing, 1981). The incidence of ASD is about 1 in every 110 births, with a higher occurrence in boys than in girls (4.5:1) (Prevention, 2006), and an estimated heritability of about 90% based upon monozygotic twin studies (Folstein and Rutter, 1977; Muhle et al., 2004). Tr ...
... (Cappon, 1953; Rutter, 1978; Wing, 1981). The incidence of ASD is about 1 in every 110 births, with a higher occurrence in boys than in girls (4.5:1) (Prevention, 2006), and an estimated heritability of about 90% based upon monozygotic twin studies (Folstein and Rutter, 1977; Muhle et al., 2004). Tr ...
The Neuropsychology of Sigmund Freud
... Freud begins with a first postulate. He calls this inertia, which in many respects is similar to what we today know as homeostasis. Inertia is homeostasis in its baldest form: an organism, when stimulated, attempts to get rid of that stimulation, i.e., to return to the unstimulated condition. By inv ...
... Freud begins with a first postulate. He calls this inertia, which in many respects is similar to what we today know as homeostasis. Inertia is homeostasis in its baldest form: an organism, when stimulated, attempts to get rid of that stimulation, i.e., to return to the unstimulated condition. By inv ...
Alertness and feeding behaviors in ADHD: Does the hypocretin
... present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, including binge eating. Since sleep/ alertness disturbances and eating disorders may significantly increase the functio ...
... present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, including binge eating. Since sleep/ alertness disturbances and eating disorders may significantly increase the functio ...
Nancy A. O`Rourke Nicholas C. Weiler Kristina D
... permeable and produce faster, higher amplitude excitatory responses 44-46, a variation which in this case proves critical for effective thalamocortical feedforward inhibition. Differential receptor subtype expression can also enable post-synaptic cells to respond differently to distinct presynaptic ...
... permeable and produce faster, higher amplitude excitatory responses 44-46, a variation which in this case proves critical for effective thalamocortical feedforward inhibition. Differential receptor subtype expression can also enable post-synaptic cells to respond differently to distinct presynaptic ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with water. Gustatory neurons were tested for responsiveness to 0.3 M sucro ...
... For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with water. Gustatory neurons were tested for responsiveness to 0.3 M sucro ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... Excitatory synaptic inputs are also subject to negative regulation (Fig. 1B). Dynorphin acts on presynaptic excitatory terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively r ...
... Excitatory synaptic inputs are also subject to negative regulation (Fig. 1B). Dynorphin acts on presynaptic excitatory terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively r ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... 3A, Table 1), ipsilaterally to the lesion. In the SNr of SNc-lesioned rats, the mean Glu level was 4.21 ⫾ 0.81 M (n ⫽ 5), 9.5 times ( p ⬍ 0.05) the basal levels reported previously for control intact animals (0.44 ⫾ 0.06 M; n ⫽ 7) (Windels et al., 2000). The Glu level in the GP was 16 times higher ...
... 3A, Table 1), ipsilaterally to the lesion. In the SNr of SNc-lesioned rats, the mean Glu level was 4.21 ⫾ 0.81 M (n ⫽ 5), 9.5 times ( p ⬍ 0.05) the basal levels reported previously for control intact animals (0.44 ⫾ 0.06 M; n ⫽ 7) (Windels et al., 2000). The Glu level in the GP was 16 times higher ...
fulltext
... and control various aspects of neuronal activity to decipher their correlation to behavior. The Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basa ...
... and control various aspects of neuronal activity to decipher their correlation to behavior. The Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basa ...
Severe Reduction of Rat Defensive Behavior to a Predator by
... ABSTRACT: Nonspecific lesion and stimulation methods have suggested that the hypothalamus is critical for the expression of defensive behavior, although the organization of neural circuits mediating such behavior is unclear. In the rat hypothalamus, we found that increased Fos levels were restricted ...
... ABSTRACT: Nonspecific lesion and stimulation methods have suggested that the hypothalamus is critical for the expression of defensive behavior, although the organization of neural circuits mediating such behavior is unclear. In the rat hypothalamus, we found that increased Fos levels were restricted ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... • identify the structures of the hindbrain and explain their functions • explain the function of the Reticular formation. ...
... • identify the structures of the hindbrain and explain their functions • explain the function of the Reticular formation. ...
PART IV INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS
... takes place when we retain and utilize past memories. Types of Memory: Short-term memory and long-term memory are dependent upon the prefrontal area. Long-term memory includes semantic memory (numbers, words, etc.) and episodic memory (persons, events, etc.) Skill memory is involved in performing mo ...
... takes place when we retain and utilize past memories. Types of Memory: Short-term memory and long-term memory are dependent upon the prefrontal area. Long-term memory includes semantic memory (numbers, words, etc.) and episodic memory (persons, events, etc.) Skill memory is involved in performing mo ...
13 Nervous System
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
Two-photon imaging and analysis of neural network dynamics
... Rep. Prog. Phys. 74 (2011) 086602 (19pp) ...
... Rep. Prog. Phys. 74 (2011) 086602 (19pp) ...
Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Dysfunctions
... hypothesis relied on the results from animal studies or other clinical conditions. There was still no direct evidence of reduced dopamine levels in the frontal cortex and limited direct evidence for elevated striatal dopaminergic function. In fact, recent evidence suggested that the dopamine system ...
... hypothesis relied on the results from animal studies or other clinical conditions. There was still no direct evidence of reduced dopamine levels in the frontal cortex and limited direct evidence for elevated striatal dopaminergic function. In fact, recent evidence suggested that the dopamine system ...
1 Prenatal Nicotine Exposure as a Teratogen in
... amount of nutrients, oxygen, and iron that supplies the fetus’ brain. When nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream, and it can cross the blood-brain barrier to enter the central nervous system (CNS). Blood-Siegfried, J., & Rende, E. (2010) claim that cigarette sm ...
... amount of nutrients, oxygen, and iron that supplies the fetus’ brain. When nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream, and it can cross the blood-brain barrier to enter the central nervous system (CNS). Blood-Siegfried, J., & Rende, E. (2010) claim that cigarette sm ...
Neural circuit rewiring: insights from DD synapse remodeling
... Nervous systems exhibit many forms of neuronal plasticity during growth, learning and memory consolidation, as well as in response to injury. Such plasticity can occur across entire nervous systems as with the case of insect metamorphosis, in individual classes of neurons, or even at the level of a ...
... Nervous systems exhibit many forms of neuronal plasticity during growth, learning and memory consolidation, as well as in response to injury. Such plasticity can occur across entire nervous systems as with the case of insect metamorphosis, in individual classes of neurons, or even at the level of a ...
Dopamine Deficiency in a Genetic Mouse Model of Lesch
... We have examined several aspects of neurotransmitter function in the brains of mice carrying a deletion mutation in the gene encoding the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). During the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, dopamine levels in whole-brain ext ...
... We have examined several aspects of neurotransmitter function in the brains of mice carrying a deletion mutation in the gene encoding the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). During the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, dopamine levels in whole-brain ext ...
Taste Physiology - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... concentrating & transporting protein (delivers taste-producing molecules to receptors) is produced by Ebner glands. SWEET - at tongue tip. most sweet substances are organic: sucrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, polysaccharides, glycerol, some alcohols and ketones, chloroform, beryllium salts, var ...
... concentrating & transporting protein (delivers taste-producing molecules to receptors) is produced by Ebner glands. SWEET - at tongue tip. most sweet substances are organic: sucrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, polysaccharides, glycerol, some alcohols and ketones, chloroform, beryllium salts, var ...
Summary of Results and Discussion
... In the mature brain, the control of branch generation (sprouting) to create new synapses and synapse elimination are key mechanisms that ensure fine-tune networks (Rakic et al., 1986). As during development, these mechanisms can be regulated by activity. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions e ...
... In the mature brain, the control of branch generation (sprouting) to create new synapses and synapse elimination are key mechanisms that ensure fine-tune networks (Rakic et al., 1986). As during development, these mechanisms can be regulated by activity. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions e ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... 33). Splanchnic nerve stimulation also increases catecholamine levels, which have been shown to decrease insulin secretion via α2 adrenoreceptors on pancreatic cells (26, 31). Furthermore, both splanchnic nerve stimulation and adrenaline administration/release increase glucagon secretion (3, 4, 33 ...
... 33). Splanchnic nerve stimulation also increases catecholamine levels, which have been shown to decrease insulin secretion via α2 adrenoreceptors on pancreatic cells (26, 31). Furthermore, both splanchnic nerve stimulation and adrenaline administration/release increase glucagon secretion (3, 4, 33 ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... ■ Abstract Orexin-A and orexin-B are neuropeptides originally identified as endogenous ligands for two orphan G-protein–coupled receptors. Orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins) are produced by a small group of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical areas, a region classicall ...
... ■ Abstract Orexin-A and orexin-B are neuropeptides originally identified as endogenous ligands for two orphan G-protein–coupled receptors. Orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins) are produced by a small group of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical areas, a region classicall ...
Morphological Studies of Wobbler Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... in pain inhibition (Mayer et al., 197 1; Gebhart et al., 1983; Sandkuhler and Gebhart, 1985). Behavioral and physiological studies have shown that electrical and chemical stimulation of PAG produce analgesia that is relayed in part through the rostra1 ventral medulla (Basbaum et al., 1978; Behbehani ...
... in pain inhibition (Mayer et al., 197 1; Gebhart et al., 1983; Sandkuhler and Gebhart, 1985). Behavioral and physiological studies have shown that electrical and chemical stimulation of PAG produce analgesia that is relayed in part through the rostra1 ventral medulla (Basbaum et al., 1978; Behbehani ...