Regulation of Elovl and fatty acid metabolism
... long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), a process that is initiated by the rate-limiting condensation reaction. To date, six mammalian enzymes responsible for this reaction, ELOVL1-6 (Elongation of very long chain fatty acid), have been characterized. All of them exert substrate specificity and tissue-speci ...
... long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), a process that is initiated by the rate-limiting condensation reaction. To date, six mammalian enzymes responsible for this reaction, ELOVL1-6 (Elongation of very long chain fatty acid), have been characterized. All of them exert substrate specificity and tissue-speci ...
Effect of Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity on Learning- Arc Efferent Neurons
... associated with impaired cognitive function both in humans (Volkow et al., 2001) and rodents (Friedman et al., 1998; Chapman et al., 2001; Belcher et al., 2005; 2008; Daberkow et al., 2005). However, the extent to which such depletions alter mechanisms underlying striatal neuroplasticity involved in ...
... associated with impaired cognitive function both in humans (Volkow et al., 2001) and rodents (Friedman et al., 1998; Chapman et al., 2001; Belcher et al., 2005; 2008; Daberkow et al., 2005). However, the extent to which such depletions alter mechanisms underlying striatal neuroplasticity involved in ...
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Gets Split: Why Does Cortisol
... rhythm that is essential for providing circulating glucocorticoids to support metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuronal processes at the onset of daily activity periods. Circadian rhythms in adrenal corticosterone are driven by in-phase rhythms in plasma ACTH and in adrenal sensitivity to ACTH (3). Ad ...
... rhythm that is essential for providing circulating glucocorticoids to support metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuronal processes at the onset of daily activity periods. Circadian rhythms in adrenal corticosterone are driven by in-phase rhythms in plasma ACTH and in adrenal sensitivity to ACTH (3). Ad ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is often goal directed and can be flexibly modulated by motivation. Flexible representations are created in experimental animals during instrumental conditioning. Pavlovian CSs may modulate instrumental performance, this is the Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (P ...
... 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is often goal directed and can be flexibly modulated by motivation. Flexible representations are created in experimental animals during instrumental conditioning. Pavlovian CSs may modulate instrumental performance, this is the Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (P ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... risk-taking behavior with gains and losses, respectively, were used to evaluate the neural systems response to the experienced outcome: (1) selecting a risky response (40 or 80), which resulted in reward; and (2) selecting a risky response, which resulted in punishment (−40 or −80). These regressors ...
... risk-taking behavior with gains and losses, respectively, were used to evaluate the neural systems response to the experienced outcome: (1) selecting a risky response (40 or 80), which resulted in reward; and (2) selecting a risky response, which resulted in punishment (−40 or −80). These regressors ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... Short-term amplification of synaptic responses via simulated NMDA receptors resulting in NMDA spikes. (B) Schematic diagram showing a multi-compartmental neuron (post) receiving a synapse from a presynaptic neuron (pre). (C) A train of presynaptic spikes is followed by a postsynaptic response delaye ...
... Short-term amplification of synaptic responses via simulated NMDA receptors resulting in NMDA spikes. (B) Schematic diagram showing a multi-compartmental neuron (post) receiving a synapse from a presynaptic neuron (pre). (C) A train of presynaptic spikes is followed by a postsynaptic response delaye ...
Levy APS - Indiana University Bloomington
... formulation for bioassay. A single example in the synthesis of this set of alanine-substituted glucagon analogs is shown in Figure 1. The representative chromatographic and mass spectral analyses demonstrate the integrity and purity of the analogs studied in this report. The results of the bioassay ...
... formulation for bioassay. A single example in the synthesis of this set of alanine-substituted glucagon analogs is shown in Figure 1. The representative chromatographic and mass spectral analyses demonstrate the integrity and purity of the analogs studied in this report. The results of the bioassay ...
EXERCISE TRAINING AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... 3. Although somewhat controversial in humans, evidence from animal studies also indicates that exercise training reduces baroreflex-mediated and other forms of sympathoexcitation in normal individuals. Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that physical activity may decrease, a ...
... 3. Although somewhat controversial in humans, evidence from animal studies also indicates that exercise training reduces baroreflex-mediated and other forms of sympathoexcitation in normal individuals. Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that physical activity may decrease, a ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leaving only a tiny gap between pre- and postsynaptic cell membranes, called the synaptic cleft. When an action potential arrives at a synapse, it triggers a complex chain of biochemical processing steps that lead to the release of neurotransmitt ...
... terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leaving only a tiny gap between pre- and postsynaptic cell membranes, called the synaptic cleft. When an action potential arrives at a synapse, it triggers a complex chain of biochemical processing steps that lead to the release of neurotransmitt ...
Pain
... source even though in the case of visceral pain. The perception is incorrect. Dr. R Ghasemi ...
... source even though in the case of visceral pain. The perception is incorrect. Dr. R Ghasemi ...
Specific synapses develop preferentially among sister excitatory
... and contribute to the emergence of functional columnar microarchitectures in the mature neocortex. Recent studies have demonstrated that radial glial cells are the major neuronal progenitors in the developing neocortex13–17. In addition to their well-characterized role in guiding the radial migratio ...
... and contribute to the emergence of functional columnar microarchitectures in the mature neocortex. Recent studies have demonstrated that radial glial cells are the major neuronal progenitors in the developing neocortex13–17. In addition to their well-characterized role in guiding the radial migratio ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... terminals of M4/6 neurons rather than the non-synaptic neurites, suggesting that the points of contact may be genuinely synaptic. M4/6 Neurons Are Required for Appetitive and Aversive Memory Expression We tested whether output from M4/6 neurons was required for behavioral expression of memory perfor ...
... terminals of M4/6 neurons rather than the non-synaptic neurites, suggesting that the points of contact may be genuinely synaptic. M4/6 Neurons Are Required for Appetitive and Aversive Memory Expression We tested whether output from M4/6 neurons was required for behavioral expression of memory perfor ...
Fluoxetine and hyperforin appear to act like a
... presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. These receptors then relay the signal from the neurotransmitters, called an EPSP, to the rest of the postsynaptic neuron, and release the neurotransmitters back into the cleft. Pumps on the presynaptic neu ...
... presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. These receptors then relay the signal from the neurotransmitters, called an EPSP, to the rest of the postsynaptic neuron, and release the neurotransmitters back into the cleft. Pumps on the presynaptic neu ...
Chapter 18
... However, LDL-mediated endocytosis is not a factor for the development of atherosclerosis: Two reasons, still atherosclerosis 1. Intracellular regulation: LDLR gene activity is cholesterol-dependent; High intracellular cholesterol →insig/SCAP/SREBP pathway ↓→ LDLR gene regulation ↓→ low LDLR gene exp ...
... However, LDL-mediated endocytosis is not a factor for the development of atherosclerosis: Two reasons, still atherosclerosis 1. Intracellular regulation: LDLR gene activity is cholesterol-dependent; High intracellular cholesterol →insig/SCAP/SREBP pathway ↓→ LDLR gene regulation ↓→ low LDLR gene exp ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... Odorant stimuli and delivery The amino acids were obtained commercially (Sigma Chemical); purity was stated to be a minimum of 98% to ⬎99% (by thin-layer chromatography) for the different tested amino acids. Stock solutions (10⫺3 M) were prepared weekly in CFTW; log-step dilutions in CFTW were made ...
... Odorant stimuli and delivery The amino acids were obtained commercially (Sigma Chemical); purity was stated to be a minimum of 98% to ⬎99% (by thin-layer chromatography) for the different tested amino acids. Stock solutions (10⫺3 M) were prepared weekly in CFTW; log-step dilutions in CFTW were made ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... Odorant stimuli and delivery The amino acids were obtained commercially (Sigma Chemical); purity was stated to be a minimum of 98% to ⬎99% (by thin-layer chromatography) for the different tested amino acids. Stock solutions (10⫺3 M) were prepared weekly in CFTW; log-step dilutions in CFTW were made ...
... Odorant stimuli and delivery The amino acids were obtained commercially (Sigma Chemical); purity was stated to be a minimum of 98% to ⬎99% (by thin-layer chromatography) for the different tested amino acids. Stock solutions (10⫺3 M) were prepared weekly in CFTW; log-step dilutions in CFTW were made ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... Hao, Jing-Xia, Ron C. Kupers, and Xiao-Jun Xu. Response characteristics of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats after spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 92: 1391–1399, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00121.2004. The physiological mechanisms of chronic pain in patients with spinal cord injury ( ...
... Hao, Jing-Xia, Ron C. Kupers, and Xiao-Jun Xu. Response characteristics of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats after spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 92: 1391–1399, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00121.2004. The physiological mechanisms of chronic pain in patients with spinal cord injury ( ...
Taurine 10 sample chapter
... The induction of islet cell apoptosis in vivo may involve an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) within ß cells. Interestingly, taurine as been shown to be a potent inhibitor of iNOS (Liu et al., 1998). Similarly, Scaglia et al., (1997) have shown decreased replication and ...
... The induction of islet cell apoptosis in vivo may involve an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) within ß cells. Interestingly, taurine as been shown to be a potent inhibitor of iNOS (Liu et al., 1998). Similarly, Scaglia et al., (1997) have shown decreased replication and ...
Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function
... network. The actual ordering of ganglia in Caenorhabditis elegans (20) and the arrangement of areas in the prefrontal cortex in the macaque (27) were found in this manner to have the shortest total wiring. Unfortunately, this brute force method is impractical for all but the smallest networks (numbe ...
... network. The actual ordering of ganglia in Caenorhabditis elegans (20) and the arrangement of areas in the prefrontal cortex in the macaque (27) were found in this manner to have the shortest total wiring. Unfortunately, this brute force method is impractical for all but the smallest networks (numbe ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
NIH Public Access
... One of the most well- characterized MAIs is Nogo-A. Genetic deletion of Nogo-A promotes corticospinal (Fig. 2) and raphespinal tract growth and enhances functional recovery after SCI, although this phenotype is modulated by strain background, age and axonal tract (Kim et al. 2003b;Simonen et al. 200 ...
... One of the most well- characterized MAIs is Nogo-A. Genetic deletion of Nogo-A promotes corticospinal (Fig. 2) and raphespinal tract growth and enhances functional recovery after SCI, although this phenotype is modulated by strain background, age and axonal tract (Kim et al. 2003b;Simonen et al. 200 ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminating in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Nicotine can stimulate the firing rate of VTA neurons (Grenhoff et al., 1986; Picciotto et al., 1998), induces DA release from isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) (Grady et al., 1992) and increases the ...
... originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminating in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Nicotine can stimulate the firing rate of VTA neurons (Grenhoff et al., 1986; Picciotto et al., 1998), induces DA release from isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) (Grady et al., 1992) and increases the ...
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in
... an inflection on the nsmg phase (e g,, Figs 5A, 7A). tential (Figs. 4C,D). Both of the Tl?X-reststant poThe amplitude of the initial depolarization showed tentials were augmented by application of TEA (data graded changes upon increase in the stimulus intensinot shown) and abolished by an addition o ...
... an inflection on the nsmg phase (e g,, Figs 5A, 7A). tential (Figs. 4C,D). Both of the Tl?X-reststant poThe amplitude of the initial depolarization showed tentials were augmented by application of TEA (data graded changes upon increase in the stimulus intensinot shown) and abolished by an addition o ...
The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of
... (45, 46, 94), and can thereby influence neuronal phenotype (122, 145, 158, 167, 176). ...
... (45, 46, 94), and can thereby influence neuronal phenotype (122, 145, 158, 167, 176). ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... interpeduncular nucleus. We precipitated withdrawal by systemically injecting the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine in mice chronically treated with nicotine. Both the ␣2 and the ␣5 null mutations abolished the somatic manifestations of nicotine withdrawal. In addition, in wild-type mice chronically ...
... interpeduncular nucleus. We precipitated withdrawal by systemically injecting the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine in mice chronically treated with nicotine. Both the ␣2 and the ␣5 null mutations abolished the somatic manifestations of nicotine withdrawal. In addition, in wild-type mice chronically ...