Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... parasympathetic preganglionic neurons by appropriate retrograde transport studies in experimental animals {see Introduction). The distribution is also similar to that of NOSpositive neurons in the rabbit, cells which have been shown by double-labelling procedures to include salivatory preganglionic ...
... parasympathetic preganglionic neurons by appropriate retrograde transport studies in experimental animals {see Introduction). The distribution is also similar to that of NOSpositive neurons in the rabbit, cells which have been shown by double-labelling procedures to include salivatory preganglionic ...
Control and Coordination
... skin respond to the cold temperature. As the muscle cells contract, or shorten, bumps form, and the hairs on your arms rise up. The hairs trap air, which helps to insulate the skin. This helps you feel warmer. How did the muscle cells know to contract? When you first felt the cold, a message was sen ...
... skin respond to the cold temperature. As the muscle cells contract, or shorten, bumps form, and the hairs on your arms rise up. The hairs trap air, which helps to insulate the skin. This helps you feel warmer. How did the muscle cells know to contract? When you first felt the cold, a message was sen ...
the physiology of a lepidopteran muscle receptor
... latencies revealed ganglionic delays over and above axon conduction time of 1-2 msec, in such cases. In contrast, it was not possible to show any ganglionic delay when recording from muscles responding in a 1:1 manner at over 100 stimuli/sec.; such high-frequency following was seen only with stimula ...
... latencies revealed ganglionic delays over and above axon conduction time of 1-2 msec, in such cases. In contrast, it was not possible to show any ganglionic delay when recording from muscles responding in a 1:1 manner at over 100 stimuli/sec.; such high-frequency following was seen only with stimula ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... Strong lines of evidence also implicate RP in the descending control of thermoregulatory cold defense. Bicuculline microinjection into RP elicits nonshivering thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) (Morrison et al. 1999), whereas muscimol microinjection into RP blocks the BAT ...
... Strong lines of evidence also implicate RP in the descending control of thermoregulatory cold defense. Bicuculline microinjection into RP elicits nonshivering thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) (Morrison et al. 1999), whereas muscimol microinjection into RP blocks the BAT ...
HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) reverses inhibition of neural
... that might modulate functions of the CNS matrix in the juvenile brain which displays high plasticity in comparison to the adult brain. HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 ...
... that might modulate functions of the CNS matrix in the juvenile brain which displays high plasticity in comparison to the adult brain. HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 ...
GLUCOCORTICOIDS INCREASE CNS INFLAMMATION
... GR is increased. It is not until a sustained, major stressor that GR occupancy is saturated. Thus, MR is responsible for much of the effects of basal and low-stress levels of GCs (i.e. the permissive effects), whereas GR largely mediates the effects of high stress GC levels. This, combined with the ...
... GR is increased. It is not until a sustained, major stressor that GR occupancy is saturated. Thus, MR is responsible for much of the effects of basal and low-stress levels of GCs (i.e. the permissive effects), whereas GR largely mediates the effects of high stress GC levels. This, combined with the ...
Pain - mbbsclub.com
... • Opioids are commonly used analgesics (chemicals that relieve the pain) that can exert their effects at various places in the CNS, including the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. • The different opioids are: 1. Endorphins: split products of POMC, made in the Pituitary gland as well as CNS. In t ...
... • Opioids are commonly used analgesics (chemicals that relieve the pain) that can exert their effects at various places in the CNS, including the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. • The different opioids are: 1. Endorphins: split products of POMC, made in the Pituitary gland as well as CNS. In t ...
Investigating Anatomical and Molecular Aspects of
... process guiding the growth of axons from these PSNs in the dorsal root ganglia to their specific targets and ultimate functional identities in skeletal muscle, however, remains unknown. In order to further elucidate this developmental process, it is necessary to also study the genetic factors that a ...
... process guiding the growth of axons from these PSNs in the dorsal root ganglia to their specific targets and ultimate functional identities in skeletal muscle, however, remains unknown. In order to further elucidate this developmental process, it is necessary to also study the genetic factors that a ...
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Metabolic control of puberty
... as background information that data available in the literature strongly suggest that ghrelin operates (predominantly) as inhibitory signal for gonadotropin (mostly LH) secretion in different mammalian species, including rodents, sheep, non-human primates and humans (Tena-Sempere, 2008a,b); a phenom ...
... as background information that data available in the literature strongly suggest that ghrelin operates (predominantly) as inhibitory signal for gonadotropin (mostly LH) secretion in different mammalian species, including rodents, sheep, non-human primates and humans (Tena-Sempere, 2008a,b); a phenom ...
Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum
... the tongue correlated with bursts of electrophysiological activity (action potential spikes) from 60–80% of dopamine neurons recorded. However, after repeated cue–reward pairings, dopamine neuron activation occurred in response to the conditioned cue instead of during presentation (and consumption) ...
... the tongue correlated with bursts of electrophysiological activity (action potential spikes) from 60–80% of dopamine neurons recorded. However, after repeated cue–reward pairings, dopamine neuron activation occurred in response to the conditioned cue instead of during presentation (and consumption) ...
Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Controls the Anterior–Posterior
... using a Carl Zeiss Axioskop 2 microscope. in M. A, In E12.5 wild-type (WT) embryos, axons in the ascending 5-HT population emanate from the floor plate (FP) and strictly grow Then, using Carl Zeiss Axiovision software, an- anterior toward the brain (arrows). In contrast, Fzd3⫺/⫺ (B) or Lp/Lp (C) mic ...
... using a Carl Zeiss Axioskop 2 microscope. in M. A, In E12.5 wild-type (WT) embryos, axons in the ascending 5-HT population emanate from the floor plate (FP) and strictly grow Then, using Carl Zeiss Axiovision software, an- anterior toward the brain (arrows). In contrast, Fzd3⫺/⫺ (B) or Lp/Lp (C) mic ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elaborations, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and long-term potentiation (LTP, the basis of memory and learning) [2–5]. NTs underlie most aspects of vertebrate nervous system development a ...
... also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elaborations, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and long-term potentiation (LTP, the basis of memory and learning) [2–5]. NTs underlie most aspects of vertebrate nervous system development a ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
REVIEW
... evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in the detection of and responses to pheromones as well as the utilization of the olfactory system in phero ...
... evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in the detection of and responses to pheromones as well as the utilization of the olfactory system in phero ...
Does the Conventional Leaky Integrate-and
... EPSP rise per a single input spike (Mason et al 1991). The membrane potential change of the model neuron was approximated by piece wise linear solution of the differential equation (1). The simulation results can be seen in Fig. 4. Each input is presented by a vertical bar, and obviously, the inter ...
... EPSP rise per a single input spike (Mason et al 1991). The membrane potential change of the model neuron was approximated by piece wise linear solution of the differential equation (1). The simulation results can be seen in Fig. 4. Each input is presented by a vertical bar, and obviously, the inter ...
Medullary control of nociceptive transmission
... for organism protection (Fig. 1). Conversely, other situations require analgesia to preserve organism integrity and surviving, which indicates that pain suppression is as important to the organism as pain perception [2]. Fear and acute stress, for example, strongly inhibit pain as it could be incomp ...
... for organism protection (Fig. 1). Conversely, other situations require analgesia to preserve organism integrity and surviving, which indicates that pain suppression is as important to the organism as pain perception [2]. Fear and acute stress, for example, strongly inhibit pain as it could be incomp ...
Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity
... in capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons, suggesting that this neuropeptide is involved in the transmission or modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level [2,3]. Galanin inhibited the nociceptive flexor reflex [4], and the inhibitory effect of galanin on the flexor reflex wa ...
... in capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons, suggesting that this neuropeptide is involved in the transmission or modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level [2,3]. Galanin inhibited the nociceptive flexor reflex [4], and the inhibitory effect of galanin on the flexor reflex wa ...
Document
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
슬라이드 1 - Brain Facts
... The greater the stimulus temperature above threshold the greater the frequency of action potential firing. (These neurons are distinct from the heat sensitive sensory neurons which will respond to increasing temperatures that are non-painful. The two types of sensory neurons are active in different ...
... The greater the stimulus temperature above threshold the greater the frequency of action potential firing. (These neurons are distinct from the heat sensitive sensory neurons which will respond to increasing temperatures that are non-painful. The two types of sensory neurons are active in different ...
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... eosinophilic cell bodies were remarkably shrunken with condensed and clumped nuclear chromatin at 12 to 48 hours (Figure 1A). These shrunken eosinophilic neurons were observed by EM as disseminated electron-dense dark neurons that were homogeneously condensed and surrounded by remarkably swollen ast ...
... eosinophilic cell bodies were remarkably shrunken with condensed and clumped nuclear chromatin at 12 to 48 hours (Figure 1A). These shrunken eosinophilic neurons were observed by EM as disseminated electron-dense dark neurons that were homogeneously condensed and surrounded by remarkably swollen ast ...
Nogo Receptor mRNA Expression in Intact and Regenerating CNS
... Nogo mRNA was more strongly expressed in many, but not all, classes of neurons than in the white matter (Figs. 15–20). Strong Nogo mRNA expression was found in the neurons of the neocortex and hippocampal formation and many thalamic nuclei (Figs. 15, 17, and 18), including the TRN (arrows in Fig. 17 ...
... Nogo mRNA was more strongly expressed in many, but not all, classes of neurons than in the white matter (Figs. 15–20). Strong Nogo mRNA expression was found in the neurons of the neocortex and hippocampal formation and many thalamic nuclei (Figs. 15, 17, and 18), including the TRN (arrows in Fig. 17 ...
Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolism
... Our knowledge of metabolism mainly results from the long-standing and very extensive work of a myriad of biochemists. They first achieved the identification of enzymatic steps, their functional characterization, and the discovery of regulatory loops with which they are associated. For decades, allos ...
... Our knowledge of metabolism mainly results from the long-standing and very extensive work of a myriad of biochemists. They first achieved the identification of enzymatic steps, their functional characterization, and the discovery of regulatory loops with which they are associated. For decades, allos ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... Jacobs (1979) and Levine and Jacobs (1992), i.e.: (1) a slow and regular activity during quiet waking (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontopho ...
... Jacobs (1979) and Levine and Jacobs (1992), i.e.: (1) a slow and regular activity during quiet waking (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontopho ...