Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... of AChE-positive axons. Third, Tremblay et al. (1990a,b) find that electrical stimulation of this region of the basal forebrain evokes responses in cortical area 3b that can be blocked by the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that the basal ...
... of AChE-positive axons. Third, Tremblay et al. (1990a,b) find that electrical stimulation of this region of the basal forebrain evokes responses in cortical area 3b that can be blocked by the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that the basal ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... rather than limbs acting them out. Indeed, the scanning hypothesis has itself become a part of the folk psychological interpretation of dreaming. Although the scanning hypothesis remains popular, REMs may not provide the insight into dreaming that many have assumed. This is the view of Chase and Mor ...
... rather than limbs acting them out. Indeed, the scanning hypothesis has itself become a part of the folk psychological interpretation of dreaming. Although the scanning hypothesis remains popular, REMs may not provide the insight into dreaming that many have assumed. This is the view of Chase and Mor ...
Amo, Neuron, 2014
... and Dayan, 2011; Fiorillo, 2013). In such neural computation, the expectation of negative reward has to be continuously represented in the brain by the time when the real outcome of the behavior is presented to an animal so that representations of both the reward expectation value and the real outco ...
... and Dayan, 2011; Fiorillo, 2013). In such neural computation, the expectation of negative reward has to be continuously represented in the brain by the time when the real outcome of the behavior is presented to an animal so that representations of both the reward expectation value and the real outco ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... factor in the central regulation of arterial blood pressure (BP), which could bind to AT1-R cross the weak or absent blood–brain barrier and subsequently activate the brain RAS. The permissive role of ANG II on sympathoadrenal activation is mediated by the same AT1-R which mediates the central effec ...
... factor in the central regulation of arterial blood pressure (BP), which could bind to AT1-R cross the weak or absent blood–brain barrier and subsequently activate the brain RAS. The permissive role of ANG II on sympathoadrenal activation is mediated by the same AT1-R which mediates the central effec ...
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... eosinophilic cell bodies were remarkably shrunken with condensed and clumped nuclear chromatin at 12 to 48 hours (Figure 1A). These shrunken eosinophilic neurons were observed by EM as disseminated electron-dense dark neurons that were homogeneously condensed and surrounded by remarkably swollen ast ...
... eosinophilic cell bodies were remarkably shrunken with condensed and clumped nuclear chromatin at 12 to 48 hours (Figure 1A). These shrunken eosinophilic neurons were observed by EM as disseminated electron-dense dark neurons that were homogeneously condensed and surrounded by remarkably swollen ast ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... Verkuyl, J. M. and M. Joëls. Effect of adrenalectomy on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neurophysiol 89: 237–245, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00401.2002. Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been d ...
... Verkuyl, J. M. and M. Joëls. Effect of adrenalectomy on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neurophysiol 89: 237–245, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00401.2002. Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been d ...
Abnormal Neurotransmitter Release Underlying Behavioral and
... Abnormalities in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and/or abnormal levels of extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations have remained core components of hypotheses on the neuronal foundations of behavioral and cognitive disorders and the symptoms of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative ...
... Abnormalities in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and/or abnormal levels of extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations have remained core components of hypotheses on the neuronal foundations of behavioral and cognitive disorders and the symptoms of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... clearly when the cues actually come from different objects. To solve this dilemma, here we argue that the brain needs to carry out multisensory integration and segregation concurrently in the early stage of information processing, that is, a group of neurons integrates sensory cues while another gro ...
... clearly when the cues actually come from different objects. To solve this dilemma, here we argue that the brain needs to carry out multisensory integration and segregation concurrently in the early stage of information processing, that is, a group of neurons integrates sensory cues while another gro ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... the peripheral skin receptors, or affected spinal or brain structures, inducing numbness and an associated transient period of pain relief. This might be considered a very early use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for therapeutic purposes. In the 1960s, researchers began systematic in ...
... the peripheral skin receptors, or affected spinal or brain structures, inducing numbness and an associated transient period of pain relief. This might be considered a very early use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for therapeutic purposes. In the 1960s, researchers began systematic in ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... which A2 neurons are recruited by a given stimulus or event, but A2 neurons are consistently activated by treatments or situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodily homeostasis. In many cases the relevant information is communicated to A2 neurons by visceral sensory afferents, but ...
... which A2 neurons are recruited by a given stimulus or event, but A2 neurons are consistently activated by treatments or situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodily homeostasis. In many cases the relevant information is communicated to A2 neurons by visceral sensory afferents, but ...
Chapter 36 Locomotion
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981). On the day of hatching, e ...
... dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981). On the day of hatching, e ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... numerous cortical and subcortical regions. PFC dysfunction has been linked to many disorders that involve deficits in cognitive performance, attention, motivation, and/or impulse control. A common theme among these disorders is that neuromodulation of the PFC is disrupted. Anatomically, the PFC is r ...
... numerous cortical and subcortical regions. PFC dysfunction has been linked to many disorders that involve deficits in cognitive performance, attention, motivation, and/or impulse control. A common theme among these disorders is that neuromodulation of the PFC is disrupted. Anatomically, the PFC is r ...
MIRROR NEURON FUNCTION: AN EXAMINATION OF
... possible to interpret another’s interest in the topic. Motor, or sensory, empathy is the phenomenon of experiencing similar sensory input as the individual experiencing the stimulus firsthand (Loggia, Mogil, & Bushnell, 2008). This is the form of empathy behind experiencing sensory pain when observi ...
... possible to interpret another’s interest in the topic. Motor, or sensory, empathy is the phenomenon of experiencing similar sensory input as the individual experiencing the stimulus firsthand (Loggia, Mogil, & Bushnell, 2008). This is the form of empathy behind experiencing sensory pain when observi ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... rons, we also presented laser spot stimuli that were positioned by mirror electrode into the pulvinar and searched for neurons in the inferior and galvanometers. A computer running REX (Hays et al., 1982) controlled lateral subdivisions. Once we isolated a single neuron, we passed brief stimulus pre ...
... rons, we also presented laser spot stimuli that were positioned by mirror electrode into the pulvinar and searched for neurons in the inferior and galvanometers. A computer running REX (Hays et al., 1982) controlled lateral subdivisions. Once we isolated a single neuron, we passed brief stimulus pre ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... forebrain structures, form a dynamic interactive network. The cerebral cortex, along with the thalamus and subcortical systems, sends signals to the BG. The BG in turn, with modulation from midbrain dopaminergic system, integrates and processes this cortical information for output, back to the cereb ...
... forebrain structures, form a dynamic interactive network. The cerebral cortex, along with the thalamus and subcortical systems, sends signals to the BG. The BG in turn, with modulation from midbrain dopaminergic system, integrates and processes this cortical information for output, back to the cereb ...
cur op e-print version
... In his nihilistic novel, “The End of the Road,” John Barth introduces a protagonist who falls prisoner to his own indecision. To Jacob Horner, the predicted consequences of all actions have become equivalent. Thus, he sits, immobile, on a railroad station bench. Frozen there throughout an entire nig ...
... In his nihilistic novel, “The End of the Road,” John Barth introduces a protagonist who falls prisoner to his own indecision. To Jacob Horner, the predicted consequences of all actions have become equivalent. Thus, he sits, immobile, on a railroad station bench. Frozen there throughout an entire nig ...
Region-specific alterations of A-to-I RNA editing of
... worldwide. According to a very recent report, over a million suicides are reported per year worldwide.1 A main risk factor for suicide is a psychiatric illness.2,3 Suicide is a complex multifactorial outcome and its biological basis remains insufficiently understood. Although neither a single gene no ...
... worldwide. According to a very recent report, over a million suicides are reported per year worldwide.1 A main risk factor for suicide is a psychiatric illness.2,3 Suicide is a complex multifactorial outcome and its biological basis remains insufficiently understood. Although neither a single gene no ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of reversal learning in humans (left), depicting activity in medial orbitofrontal cortex (circled). This image is from an analysis to detect areas correlating with expected reward in the interval between cue ...
... a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of reversal learning in humans (left), depicting activity in medial orbitofrontal cortex (circled). This image is from an analysis to detect areas correlating with expected reward in the interval between cue ...
Contextual modulation and stimulus selectivity in extrastriate cortex
... better understood, in part because the space of relevant stimuli is more easily parameterized. Since the eyes themselves are almost never still (Otero-Millan et al., 2008), and objects are typically stationary (Stocker & Simoncelli, 2006), most motion encountered by the visual system is due to displ ...
... better understood, in part because the space of relevant stimuli is more easily parameterized. Since the eyes themselves are almost never still (Otero-Millan et al., 2008), and objects are typically stationary (Stocker & Simoncelli, 2006), most motion encountered by the visual system is due to displ ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... How intelligence arises in humans is far to be completely unveiled. Understanding the brain mechanisms that make it possible is one of the most interesting and debated topics in neuroscience. However, recent advances speculate about that this is only half part of the story. Intelligent behaviours in ...
... How intelligence arises in humans is far to be completely unveiled. Understanding the brain mechanisms that make it possible is one of the most interesting and debated topics in neuroscience. However, recent advances speculate about that this is only half part of the story. Intelligent behaviours in ...
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Second Edition
... Functions (cont’d.) • (IX) Glossopharyngeal: swallowing, taste, salivary glands • (X) Vagus: certain muscle movements, sensory impulses • (XI) Accessory: swallowing, head movement • (XII) Hypoglossal: swallowing, speech ...
... Functions (cont’d.) • (IX) Glossopharyngeal: swallowing, taste, salivary glands • (X) Vagus: certain muscle movements, sensory impulses • (XI) Accessory: swallowing, head movement • (XII) Hypoglossal: swallowing, speech ...