Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... Figure 2. Graphical representation of the computational interactions between expectation and error units: the interactions depicted here are based on the differential equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical ...
... Figure 2. Graphical representation of the computational interactions between expectation and error units: the interactions depicted here are based on the differential equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... The compound eye of D. melanogaster is organized into modules, and this basic design affects most aspects of visual processing (Figure 2). The modularity begins in the retina, where 750 individual facets, called ommatidia, make up each compound eye. Each ommatidium is physically separated from its n ...
... The compound eye of D. melanogaster is organized into modules, and this basic design affects most aspects of visual processing (Figure 2). The modularity begins in the retina, where 750 individual facets, called ommatidia, make up each compound eye. Each ommatidium is physically separated from its n ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... testosterone results in permanent anovulatory sterility. Evidence from a variety of experimental approaches indicates that sex steroids act at the level of the preoptic region during postnatal life to organize the neural pathways controlling preovulatory gonadotropin secretion. The AVPV is a likely ...
... testosterone results in permanent anovulatory sterility. Evidence from a variety of experimental approaches indicates that sex steroids act at the level of the preoptic region during postnatal life to organize the neural pathways controlling preovulatory gonadotropin secretion. The AVPV is a likely ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recognition of a specific context, suggesting that these loca ...
... investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recognition of a specific context, suggesting that these loca ...
The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Central Chemoreception
... cells (the second-order neurons) located in the interstitial portion of the solitary tract nucleus. This finding indicates that the excitatory drive from central chemoreceptors (RTN) to the CPG can be downregulated by inputs from lung mechanoreceptors. This process may be viewed as a negative feedba ...
... cells (the second-order neurons) located in the interstitial portion of the solitary tract nucleus. This finding indicates that the excitatory drive from central chemoreceptors (RTN) to the CPG can be downregulated by inputs from lung mechanoreceptors. This process may be viewed as a negative feedba ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in the pons as well as the nuclei gigantocellularis, gigantocellularis alpha, gigantocellularis ventralis, and paragigantocellularis dorsalis in the medulla of decerebrate rats. This inhibitory effect on muscle t ...
... elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in the pons as well as the nuclei gigantocellularis, gigantocellularis alpha, gigantocellularis ventralis, and paragigantocellularis dorsalis in the medulla of decerebrate rats. This inhibitory effect on muscle t ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... no singular type but rather a myriad of subtypes, which have proven extremely difficult to classify (Ascoli & Alonso-Nanclares, 2008; DeFelipe et al., 2013). The challenge in classifying these interneurons is due to their numerous morphologies, developmental origins, gene expression, connectivity pa ...
... no singular type but rather a myriad of subtypes, which have proven extremely difficult to classify (Ascoli & Alonso-Nanclares, 2008; DeFelipe et al., 2013). The challenge in classifying these interneurons is due to their numerous morphologies, developmental origins, gene expression, connectivity pa ...
Morphological Analysis of Dendritic Spine Development in Primary
... The dendritic spine constitutes the main locus of excitatory synaptic interaction among central neurons. The great variety of shapes,strategic location, and abundancehas focusedconsiderableattention on the dendritic spineas the key site for the potential encoding of activity-dependent, neuronal plas ...
... The dendritic spine constitutes the main locus of excitatory synaptic interaction among central neurons. The great variety of shapes,strategic location, and abundancehas focusedconsiderableattention on the dendritic spineas the key site for the potential encoding of activity-dependent, neuronal plas ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... The functional lesion hypothesis received support from studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005 ...
... The functional lesion hypothesis received support from studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005 ...
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... innervation from the IC and projects to the primary auditory cortex to process conscious and complex, higher-order information, such as the biological relevance of the acoustic stimuli [3,22,40] (Fig. 1). In addition, part of the acoustic information received in the MG is sent directly to the amygda ...
... innervation from the IC and projects to the primary auditory cortex to process conscious and complex, higher-order information, such as the biological relevance of the acoustic stimuli [3,22,40] (Fig. 1). In addition, part of the acoustic information received in the MG is sent directly to the amygda ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... during development, offering the acquisition of many skills without the time-consuming process of trial-and-error learning. Imitation is also central to the development of fundamental social skills such as reading facial and other body gestures and for understanding the goals, intentions and desires ...
... during development, offering the acquisition of many skills without the time-consuming process of trial-and-error learning. Imitation is also central to the development of fundamental social skills such as reading facial and other body gestures and for understanding the goals, intentions and desires ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... bimodal sensilla which comprise a few mechano- and some chemoreceptor neurons and occur on all appendages and aesthetascs which are innervated by 40–500 olfactory receptor neurons and exclusively occur on the antennular outer flagellum. Olfactory receptor neurons differ from chemoreceptor neurons of ...
... bimodal sensilla which comprise a few mechano- and some chemoreceptor neurons and occur on all appendages and aesthetascs which are innervated by 40–500 olfactory receptor neurons and exclusively occur on the antennular outer flagellum. Olfactory receptor neurons differ from chemoreceptor neurons of ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (Figure 2) was used to quantify the discrimination sensitivity of MT neurons in the 2AFC task (see Appendix). For this, two distributions of spike counts were compared against each other, the distribution of counts from trials when the coherent moti ...
... A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (Figure 2) was used to quantify the discrimination sensitivity of MT neurons in the 2AFC task (see Appendix). For this, two distributions of spike counts were compared against each other, the distribution of counts from trials when the coherent moti ...
No Direct Projection is Observed from the Substantia Nigra to the
... Our previous data suggest that gastric motor function is impaired in both digestive and interdigestive phases in 6-OHDA rats [12], consistent with reports from clinical studies [19]. Cholinergic neurons in the DMV promote gastric emptying via the vagus nerve. However, catecholaminergic neurons (rele ...
... Our previous data suggest that gastric motor function is impaired in both digestive and interdigestive phases in 6-OHDA rats [12], consistent with reports from clinical studies [19]. Cholinergic neurons in the DMV promote gastric emptying via the vagus nerve. However, catecholaminergic neurons (rele ...
nato cc
... measures (3,71,73, 78). However, recent large studies using MRI to estimate brain size by one or a few cross-sectional brain area measures revealed no significant CC/brain size relation (15,45,58). These results were taken as evidence for a lack of an allometric CC/brain size relationship. In our ow ...
... measures (3,71,73, 78). However, recent large studies using MRI to estimate brain size by one or a few cross-sectional brain area measures revealed no significant CC/brain size relation (15,45,58). These results were taken as evidence for a lack of an allometric CC/brain size relationship. In our ow ...
Artificial Intelligence (AI). Neural Networks
... www.g2conline.org/?gclid=CNf7mODlga4CFVAhtAodjyek4A#Thinking?aid=2023&cid=202 . ...
... www.g2conline.org/?gclid=CNf7mODlga4CFVAhtAodjyek4A#Thinking?aid=2023&cid=202 . ...
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory
... From the analysesof our own and others’ anatomical and physiological data for the macaquevisual system,we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of ...
... From the analysesof our own and others’ anatomical and physiological data for the macaquevisual system,we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of ...
The Nervous System
... brain before, during or after birth causes paralysis (usually spastic) of one or more limbs 3. Dementia a. Syndrome that includes progressive loss of memory, shortened attention span, personality changes, reduced intellectual capacity, and motor control deficit i. Alzheimer disease (AD) – brain diso ...
... brain before, during or after birth causes paralysis (usually spastic) of one or more limbs 3. Dementia a. Syndrome that includes progressive loss of memory, shortened attention span, personality changes, reduced intellectual capacity, and motor control deficit i. Alzheimer disease (AD) – brain diso ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
... INTRODUCTION The progressive cognitive decline that ultimately leads to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is consequence of a severe loss of synapses and neurons that selectively affects particular cell subpopulations in brain areas critical for learning and memory [1–6]. Although transgenic mice ...
... INTRODUCTION The progressive cognitive decline that ultimately leads to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is consequence of a severe loss of synapses and neurons that selectively affects particular cell subpopulations in brain areas critical for learning and memory [1–6]. Although transgenic mice ...
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
... common in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques to visualize and study cortical neuronal migration. Keywords: migrating neuron; cortex; migration assays; electroporation ...
... common in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques to visualize and study cortical neuronal migration. Keywords: migrating neuron; cortex; migration assays; electroporation ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... About 50% of them discharge also in association with monkey active movements. Neurons responding to sensory stimuli have been subdivided into three categories: “somatosensory” neurons (33%), “visual” neurons (11%), and “bimodal” somatosensory and visual neurons (56%). Among the neurons with visual r ...
... About 50% of them discharge also in association with monkey active movements. Neurons responding to sensory stimuli have been subdivided into three categories: “somatosensory” neurons (33%), “visual” neurons (11%), and “bimodal” somatosensory and visual neurons (56%). Among the neurons with visual r ...
Structural Abnormalities of the Central Auditory Pathway in Infants
... They reported the presence of a specific midline brain anomaly (enlarged cavum septi pellucidi) and other brain abnormalities in adult men with NSCL/P. The research group believed that the etiology of these cognitive deficits was primarily a problem of abnormal brain development. Interestingly, the ...
... They reported the presence of a specific midline brain anomaly (enlarged cavum septi pellucidi) and other brain abnormalities in adult men with NSCL/P. The research group believed that the etiology of these cognitive deficits was primarily a problem of abnormal brain development. Interestingly, the ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... A debilitating consequence of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) is the loss of motor control. Although the goal of most SCI treatments is to re-establish neural connections, a potential complication in restoring motor function is that SCI may result in anatomical and functional changes in brain area ...
... A debilitating consequence of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) is the loss of motor control. Although the goal of most SCI treatments is to re-establish neural connections, a potential complication in restoring motor function is that SCI may result in anatomical and functional changes in brain area ...