32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... to be attractive. There is hardly anything more repellent to us than a bad smell. Biologists, physicians and psychologists are well aware of just how loaded natural smells are with information – for humans and, to an even greater extent, for other mammals. When a dog sniffs the urine of another memb ...
... to be attractive. There is hardly anything more repellent to us than a bad smell. Biologists, physicians and psychologists are well aware of just how loaded natural smells are with information – for humans and, to an even greater extent, for other mammals. When a dog sniffs the urine of another memb ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...
Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing
... Del Rio-Bermudez C, Plumeau AM, Sattler NJ, Sokoloff G, Blumberg MS. Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing cerebellorubral system. J Neurophysiol 116: 1316 –1327, 2016. First published July 6, 2016; doi:10.1152/jn.00461.2016.—The development of the cerebellar system depe ...
... Del Rio-Bermudez C, Plumeau AM, Sattler NJ, Sokoloff G, Blumberg MS. Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing cerebellorubral system. J Neurophysiol 116: 1316 –1327, 2016. First published July 6, 2016; doi:10.1152/jn.00461.2016.—The development of the cerebellar system depe ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... from electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus or limbic forebrain must eventually influence the motor system to produce the attack, feeding or other behaviors observed. However, little progress has been made in elucidating the neural mechanisms by which the motor system is activated in such elicit ...
... from electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus or limbic forebrain must eventually influence the motor system to produce the attack, feeding or other behaviors observed. However, little progress has been made in elucidating the neural mechanisms by which the motor system is activated in such elicit ...
Emerging roles of Axin in cerebral cortical development
... Polarization and Migration Newborn neurons exit the ventricular and subventricular zones, and migrate into the intermediate zone. They initially exhibit a multipolar morphology characterized by several thin processes in various directions but subsequently adopt a bipolar morphology with a leading pr ...
... Polarization and Migration Newborn neurons exit the ventricular and subventricular zones, and migrate into the intermediate zone. They initially exhibit a multipolar morphology characterized by several thin processes in various directions but subsequently adopt a bipolar morphology with a leading pr ...
mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex
... stimuli were shown to be a weighted average of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. For example, if a single good stimulus elicited a high firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited ...
... stimuli were shown to be a weighted average of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. For example, if a single good stimulus elicited a high firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited ...
Hebbian Learning of Bayes Optimal Decisions
... Neural correlates of variables that are important for decision making under uncertainty had been presented e.g. in the recent experimental study by Yang and Shadlen [1]. In their study they found that firing rates of neurons in area LIP of macaque monkeys reflect the log-likelihood ratio (or logodd) ...
... Neural correlates of variables that are important for decision making under uncertainty had been presented e.g. in the recent experimental study by Yang and Shadlen [1]. In their study they found that firing rates of neurons in area LIP of macaque monkeys reflect the log-likelihood ratio (or logodd) ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Integration in Hypothalamic
... on the mechanisms by which hypothalamic neurons process multiple signals and produce an integrated response. We illustrate our research strategy by reviewing our work on two separate neural systems: the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We have focused ...
... on the mechanisms by which hypothalamic neurons process multiple signals and produce an integrated response. We illustrate our research strategy by reviewing our work on two separate neural systems: the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We have focused ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... Purkinje cell of the guinea pig (reconstructed by Moshe Rapp), (B) α-motoneuron from the cat spinal cord (reconstructed by Robert Burke), (C) Neostriatal spiny neuron from the rat (Wilson 1992), (D) Axonless interneurons of the locust (reconstructed by Giles Laurent). In many neuron types, synaptic ...
... Purkinje cell of the guinea pig (reconstructed by Moshe Rapp), (B) α-motoneuron from the cat spinal cord (reconstructed by Robert Burke), (C) Neostriatal spiny neuron from the rat (Wilson 1992), (D) Axonless interneurons of the locust (reconstructed by Giles Laurent). In many neuron types, synaptic ...
Sten Grillner
... We then could show that subthreshold activation of MLR indeed released reflex discharges similar to that of DOPA and a suppression of other shortlatency responses. We then suggested that the MLR indeed caused locomotion by releasing the spinal network activated by DOPA. This is still a valid conclus ...
... We then could show that subthreshold activation of MLR indeed released reflex discharges similar to that of DOPA and a suppression of other shortlatency responses. We then suggested that the MLR indeed caused locomotion by releasing the spinal network activated by DOPA. This is still a valid conclus ...
PDF
... Throughout this period, low levels of Gde2 mRNA were detected throughout the cortical plate; however, Gde2 transcripts were highly enriched in the preplate and in postmitotic cortical neurons (Fig. 1A-C; data not shown). Gde2 protein expression was analyzed in WT mice using polyclonal antibodies dir ...
... Throughout this period, low levels of Gde2 mRNA were detected throughout the cortical plate; however, Gde2 transcripts were highly enriched in the preplate and in postmitotic cortical neurons (Fig. 1A-C; data not shown). Gde2 protein expression was analyzed in WT mice using polyclonal antibodies dir ...
Nervous Systems
... • Modern brain-imaging techniques suggest that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain based on activity in many areas of the cortex Prefrontal cortex ...
... • Modern brain-imaging techniques suggest that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain based on activity in many areas of the cortex Prefrontal cortex ...
Neurons of the Central Complex of the Locust Schistocerca gregaria
... anesthetized by cooling and were waxed anterior uppermost to a metal holder. The heads of the locusts were immobilized by a wax–rosin mixture, and their legs were removed. For intracellular recordings from the central protocerebrum, a small window was cut into the head capsule between the two compou ...
... anesthetized by cooling and were waxed anterior uppermost to a metal holder. The heads of the locusts were immobilized by a wax–rosin mixture, and their legs were removed. For intracellular recordings from the central protocerebrum, a small window was cut into the head capsule between the two compou ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
... mediate these cortical signals to achieve behavioral switching. We discuss how breaking a routine to allow more adaptive behavior requires a fine-tuned recruitment of the frontal cortical-basal ganglia neural network. Breaking a routine: difficult but crucial Driving to one’s workplace is an easy ta ...
... mediate these cortical signals to achieve behavioral switching. We discuss how breaking a routine to allow more adaptive behavior requires a fine-tuned recruitment of the frontal cortical-basal ganglia neural network. Breaking a routine: difficult but crucial Driving to one’s workplace is an easy ta ...
Receptors in lateral hypothalamic area involved in - AJP
... and the cobaltous chloride experiments (11), inhibition of the response was rarely complete. This suggests that the connections between IC autonomic efferents and LHA neurons may be relatively diffusely distributed within this region. This postulation is supported by the anterograde labeling of IC a ...
... and the cobaltous chloride experiments (11), inhibition of the response was rarely complete. This suggests that the connections between IC autonomic efferents and LHA neurons may be relatively diffusely distributed within this region. This postulation is supported by the anterograde labeling of IC a ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
Appendix S1 Relation of local short
... Whereas exogenous EEG activities originated from the other cortical areas contribute to spectral power of the same EEG electrode insignificantly. Thus, together described works suggest that topographic EEG mapping can accurately reflect local brain function and that it is comparable to other topogra ...
... Whereas exogenous EEG activities originated from the other cortical areas contribute to spectral power of the same EEG electrode insignificantly. Thus, together described works suggest that topographic EEG mapping can accurately reflect local brain function and that it is comparable to other topogra ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... segregation. They do not, however, reveal whether neural activity is necessary for normal segregation, as would be the case if the Hebb mechanism were responsible. To investigate this question, Stryker and Harris (1986) blocked neural activity in the two eyes by repeated intraocular injections of th ...
... segregation. They do not, however, reveal whether neural activity is necessary for normal segregation, as would be the case if the Hebb mechanism were responsible. To investigate this question, Stryker and Harris (1986) blocked neural activity in the two eyes by repeated intraocular injections of th ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... termed hubs, tended to synchronise particularly strongly and promiscuously with other area 17 neurons. Indeed, even neurons with differing orientation preferences tended to synchronise if they were hubs. Notably, neurons exhibiting sharp orientation tuning curves showed a strong likelihood of being ...
... termed hubs, tended to synchronise particularly strongly and promiscuously with other area 17 neurons. Indeed, even neurons with differing orientation preferences tended to synchronise if they were hubs. Notably, neurons exhibiting sharp orientation tuning curves showed a strong likelihood of being ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... (Mahley, 1988; Bu, 2009). Brain apoE/lipoprotein particles, produced primarily by astrocytes, deliver cholesterol and other lipids to neurons via apoE receptors, which belong to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family (Herz and Bock, 2002; Herz and Chen, 2006; Bu, 2009). The LDL receptor-r ...
... (Mahley, 1988; Bu, 2009). Brain apoE/lipoprotein particles, produced primarily by astrocytes, deliver cholesterol and other lipids to neurons via apoE receptors, which belong to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family (Herz and Bock, 2002; Herz and Chen, 2006; Bu, 2009). The LDL receptor-r ...
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... that the ultimate goal is to have one neuron for every object—and certainly not for a particular view of every object. We believe that sparseness helps learning and prediction even at early stages of sensory processing, like those found in V1. But too much specificity or sparseness can actually make ...
... that the ultimate goal is to have one neuron for every object—and certainly not for a particular view of every object. We believe that sparseness helps learning and prediction even at early stages of sensory processing, like those found in V1. But too much specificity or sparseness can actually make ...
How the prefrontal executive got its stripes
... and relationship to connections Systematic structural variation refers to the gradual changes seen in laminar structure in all cortical systems, whether they are sensory, motor/premotor or prefrontal. Each cortical system, regardless of its placement on the cortical mantle, is composed of areas that ...
... and relationship to connections Systematic structural variation refers to the gradual changes seen in laminar structure in all cortical systems, whether they are sensory, motor/premotor or prefrontal. Each cortical system, regardless of its placement on the cortical mantle, is composed of areas that ...
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
... with this idea, many V1 neurons are tuned to orientation during their initial visual response (Celebrini et al. 1993). The initial neuronal responses in higher visual areas are also selective for complex shapes (Oram & Perrett 1992, 1994; Sugase et al. 1999). This is direct support for the feedforwa ...
... with this idea, many V1 neurons are tuned to orientation during their initial visual response (Celebrini et al. 1993). The initial neuronal responses in higher visual areas are also selective for complex shapes (Oram & Perrett 1992, 1994; Sugase et al. 1999). This is direct support for the feedforwa ...