Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... how these movements may influence behavior. The opportunity lies in the fact that we still know relatively little about the neural mechanisms for generating microsaccades. Recent results have brought to light the importance of going after these mechanisms, and it stands to reason that understanding h ...
... how these movements may influence behavior. The opportunity lies in the fact that we still know relatively little about the neural mechanisms for generating microsaccades. Recent results have brought to light the importance of going after these mechanisms, and it stands to reason that understanding h ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... and visual input (Mobbs, 1982, 1984; Homberg, 1984; Gronenberg, 1986). The topographic organization of the MB indicates that the Kenyon cells maintain this modalityspecific input structure. Their radial arrangement in the concentric calycal subcompartments is transmitted into a stratified orientatio ...
... and visual input (Mobbs, 1982, 1984; Homberg, 1984; Gronenberg, 1986). The topographic organization of the MB indicates that the Kenyon cells maintain this modalityspecific input structure. Their radial arrangement in the concentric calycal subcompartments is transmitted into a stratified orientatio ...
avian brain nomenclature forum
... majority of the septum and several basal forebrain groups that include the large cholinergic cells and the stria terminalis nuclear complex (part of it erroneously named nucleus accumbens in the past; see below). It is not definitively clear at present whether a small part of the archistriatum is al ...
... majority of the septum and several basal forebrain groups that include the large cholinergic cells and the stria terminalis nuclear complex (part of it erroneously named nucleus accumbens in the past; see below). It is not definitively clear at present whether a small part of the archistriatum is al ...
Activity in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reflects Multiple Steps of
... period and also during the first movement. Next, we analyzed the activity of 87 neurons that exhibited selectivity for the second cursor movement during the preparatory period. Among these neurons, 27 (31%) also exhibited selectivity for the second movement. Figure 4B illustrates an example of such ...
... period and also during the first movement. Next, we analyzed the activity of 87 neurons that exhibited selectivity for the second cursor movement during the preparatory period. Among these neurons, 27 (31%) also exhibited selectivity for the second movement. Figure 4B illustrates an example of such ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... [22, 24] and in ab neurons to form LTM [24], suggesting an independence of these two memory phases. However, several results suggest that aversive STM and LTM are not processed by fully independent neuronal pathways. Thus, a more efficient rescue of rut STM or LTM defect is observed when RUT is expr ...
... [22, 24] and in ab neurons to form LTM [24], suggesting an independence of these two memory phases. However, several results suggest that aversive STM and LTM are not processed by fully independent neuronal pathways. Thus, a more efficient rescue of rut STM or LTM defect is observed when RUT is expr ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed that the binding affinity of cocaine and amphetamine for DAT correlate well w ...
... reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed that the binding affinity of cocaine and amphetamine for DAT correlate well w ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of olivary network and modulate plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. A remarkable ...
... from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of olivary network and modulate plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. A remarkable ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... A specific zone in the motor cortex, sometimes called the polysensory zone, contains a high proportion of neurons that respond to tactile and visual stimuli (Fogassi et al., 1996; Gentilucci et al., 1998; Graziano and Gandhi, 2000; Graziano et al., 1994; Graziano et al., 1997; Rizzolatti et al., 198 ...
... A specific zone in the motor cortex, sometimes called the polysensory zone, contains a high proportion of neurons that respond to tactile and visual stimuli (Fogassi et al., 1996; Gentilucci et al., 1998; Graziano and Gandhi, 2000; Graziano et al., 1994; Graziano et al., 1997; Rizzolatti et al., 198 ...
Optical quantal analysis of synaptic transmission in wild
... transmission of multiple sites and cannot pinpoint the release properties of specific individual sites. Nevertheless, carefully designed experiments in a variety of preparations3–7 have made it possible to infer that release probabilities vary considerably between individual release sites. Fluoresce ...
... transmission of multiple sites and cannot pinpoint the release properties of specific individual sites. Nevertheless, carefully designed experiments in a variety of preparations3–7 have made it possible to infer that release probabilities vary considerably between individual release sites. Fluoresce ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... onset19,20. The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus measures day length by controlling melatonin production in the pineal gland. The duration of the nocturnal elevation in melatonin encodes day length, and melatonin receptors in the thalamus and hypothalamus transduce this signal to GnRH ...
... onset19,20. The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus measures day length by controlling melatonin production in the pineal gland. The duration of the nocturnal elevation in melatonin encodes day length, and melatonin receptors in the thalamus and hypothalamus transduce this signal to GnRH ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... the CNS in long-term BP control is not well understood. From a neurophysiological perspective, the most fundamental and still unanswered question is whether the brain is a controller of BP in the strict engineering sense (that is, has the capacity to detect changes in BP and to initiate appropriate ...
... the CNS in long-term BP control is not well understood. From a neurophysiological perspective, the most fundamental and still unanswered question is whether the brain is a controller of BP in the strict engineering sense (that is, has the capacity to detect changes in BP and to initiate appropriate ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
... subparafascicular parvocellular nucleus (SPFpc) or more medial regions of the tegmentum. An interneuronal relay from the mesencephalon to the hypothalamus is proposed, but has yet to be identified for either projection to OXY or TIDA system. Since the suckling stimulus excites OXY neurons, but inhib ...
... subparafascicular parvocellular nucleus (SPFpc) or more medial regions of the tegmentum. An interneuronal relay from the mesencephalon to the hypothalamus is proposed, but has yet to be identified for either projection to OXY or TIDA system. Since the suckling stimulus excites OXY neurons, but inhib ...
Cortical Motor Organization, Mirror Neurons, and
... mirror neurons of F5 and PFG are similar, we will describe them together. These neurons discharge when the monkey performs a hand or mouth goal-directed motor act (e.g., grasping, biting, tearing or manipulating an object), and when it observes the same, or a similar, act performed by the experiment ...
... mirror neurons of F5 and PFG are similar, we will describe them together. These neurons discharge when the monkey performs a hand or mouth goal-directed motor act (e.g., grasping, biting, tearing or manipulating an object), and when it observes the same, or a similar, act performed by the experiment ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
... the cell body and the axonal diameter of LVN neurons (Deiters, 1865) and physiologic measurements of axonal conduction velocity of LVN neurons activated antidromically from the lumbar cord (Ito et al., 1964; Wilson et al., 1967; Akaike et al., 1973) have confirmed this finding. Finally, these two ne ...
... the cell body and the axonal diameter of LVN neurons (Deiters, 1865) and physiologic measurements of axonal conduction velocity of LVN neurons activated antidromically from the lumbar cord (Ito et al., 1964; Wilson et al., 1967; Akaike et al., 1973) have confirmed this finding. Finally, these two ne ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... waveforms were stored as discreet spike event times (the nearest millisecond following threshold ...
... waveforms were stored as discreet spike event times (the nearest millisecond following threshold ...
Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with
... are initiated at later stages of processing and then propagated via feedback to V1. It is also possible that both processes occur. Specifically, local interactions among V1 neurons may trigger the perceptual alternations during rivalry, whereas interactions in later visual areas may reinforce the ne ...
... are initiated at later stages of processing and then propagated via feedback to V1. It is also possible that both processes occur. Specifically, local interactions among V1 neurons may trigger the perceptual alternations during rivalry, whereas interactions in later visual areas may reinforce the ne ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... According to game theory and microeconomics, the value of rewards for behavioural reactions and decisions can be assessed from the multiplicative product of magnitude and probability of the future reward (expected reward value). In addition, the delay to the future reward reduces the reward value hy ...
... According to game theory and microeconomics, the value of rewards for behavioural reactions and decisions can be assessed from the multiplicative product of magnitude and probability of the future reward (expected reward value). In addition, the delay to the future reward reduces the reward value hy ...
Inflammation-Induced Gene Expression in Brain and Adrenal Gland Linda Engström
... Neuropeptides, used in the communication between neurons, are because of their release properties and sustained actions likely mediators of homeostatic responses. The enkephalinergic system constitutes one of the largest neuropeptidergic systems in the brain, but its involvement in inflammatory cond ...
... Neuropeptides, used in the communication between neurons, are because of their release properties and sustained actions likely mediators of homeostatic responses. The enkephalinergic system constitutes one of the largest neuropeptidergic systems in the brain, but its involvement in inflammatory cond ...
Auditory–vocal mirroring in songbirds
... Figure 1. A schematic of the song system emphasizing HVC and its connections. This parasagittal view of the songbird brain shows the SMP (blue) and AFP (red), the ascending auditory pathways (green) and the auditory inputs to HVC (white). At the microscopic level, HVCX and HVCRA cells are randomly i ...
... Figure 1. A schematic of the song system emphasizing HVC and its connections. This parasagittal view of the songbird brain shows the SMP (blue) and AFP (red), the ascending auditory pathways (green) and the auditory inputs to HVC (white). At the microscopic level, HVCX and HVCRA cells are randomly i ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic
... further thinning (16). Although neuronal number is likely not reduced at any age presently studied, reductions in the number of synaptic spines and synapses may be ongoing in older age at a level where functional consequences are not positive, and shrinkage of cell bodies is another candidate factor ...
... further thinning (16). Although neuronal number is likely not reduced at any age presently studied, reductions in the number of synaptic spines and synapses may be ongoing in older age at a level where functional consequences are not positive, and shrinkage of cell bodies is another candidate factor ...
White matter tract alterations in fragile X
... 1999]. Early sensory-processing deficits could adversely affect important domains of development. It has been postulated that sensory-processing problems impede acquisition of higher cognitive functions, and may interfere with learning, language development, and social interactions (summarized in Sc ...
... 1999]. Early sensory-processing deficits could adversely affect important domains of development. It has been postulated that sensory-processing problems impede acquisition of higher cognitive functions, and may interfere with learning, language development, and social interactions (summarized in Sc ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...