Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions in Chronic CNS Infection
... response in T. gondii CNS infection originates from murine models. In recognition of known immunological differences between mice and humans, cross-species comparisons of effector molecules can be difficult [58, 59]. However, these models have yielded substantial understanding of the cellular immunoregu ...
... response in T. gondii CNS infection originates from murine models. In recognition of known immunological differences between mice and humans, cross-species comparisons of effector molecules can be difficult [58, 59]. However, these models have yielded substantial understanding of the cellular immunoregu ...
Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective
... [10,40–43]. While there is considerable evidence suggesting that targeting TRPV1 receptors has strong therapeutic rational in pain and multiple other disorders [44,45], and recent studies provide support for anandamide being a potential physiological agonist in the brain at these receptors [46–48], ...
... [10,40–43]. While there is considerable evidence suggesting that targeting TRPV1 receptors has strong therapeutic rational in pain and multiple other disorders [44,45], and recent studies provide support for anandamide being a potential physiological agonist in the brain at these receptors [46–48], ...
Transmission-Blocking Immunity against Malaria: From Antigen
... Pfs25 antigen using Montanide ISA 51 adjuvant was completed.39 Although anti-Pfs25 human serum inhibited P. falciparum oocyst in An. stephensi by more than 90%, reactogenicity (native and systemic) in human volunteers prevented Montanide ISA 51 for being used as an adjuvant with Pfs25.39 DNA-based P ...
... Pfs25 antigen using Montanide ISA 51 adjuvant was completed.39 Although anti-Pfs25 human serum inhibited P. falciparum oocyst in An. stephensi by more than 90%, reactogenicity (native and systemic) in human volunteers prevented Montanide ISA 51 for being used as an adjuvant with Pfs25.39 DNA-based P ...
The source of fatty acids incorporated into proliferating lymphoid
... guinea pigs ate standard chow for the last 5 d, during which swelling of one popliteal lymph node was stimulated by repeated local injection of lipopolysaccharide. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids in both popliteal and in several mesenteric lymph nodes, and of triacylglycerols in eleven ...
... guinea pigs ate standard chow for the last 5 d, during which swelling of one popliteal lymph node was stimulated by repeated local injection of lipopolysaccharide. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids in both popliteal and in several mesenteric lymph nodes, and of triacylglycerols in eleven ...
GM-CSF in the Lung Protects against Lethal
... pandemic. The tremendous human burden of influenza mandates improved methods to prevent and treat this infection. Control and clearance of influenza infection are believed to hinge on adaptive immunity, mediated by B and T cells. B cells produce antibodies to influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidas ...
... pandemic. The tremendous human burden of influenza mandates improved methods to prevent and treat this infection. Control and clearance of influenza infection are believed to hinge on adaptive immunity, mediated by B and T cells. B cells produce antibodies to influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidas ...
host susceptibility to rotavirus infection and
... immune therapy. In addition, current monovalent and pentavalent vaccines include only the P[8] genotype. Host genetic factors influence rotavirus P[8]specific responses, which may be associated to reduced efficacy with currently licensed vaccines in the developing world as compared to developed coun ...
... immune therapy. In addition, current monovalent and pentavalent vaccines include only the P[8] genotype. Host genetic factors influence rotavirus P[8]specific responses, which may be associated to reduced efficacy with currently licensed vaccines in the developing world as compared to developed coun ...
Monocytes Are Major Players in the Prognosis and
... he relevance of immune mechanisms in patients with acute stroke is increasingly recognized.1– 4 Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke disrupt the blood– brain barrier, damage brain cells, and allow self antigens from the central nervous system to interact with circulating and resident immune cells.5 The e ...
... he relevance of immune mechanisms in patients with acute stroke is increasingly recognized.1– 4 Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke disrupt the blood– brain barrier, damage brain cells, and allow self antigens from the central nervous system to interact with circulating and resident immune cells.5 The e ...
The Role of Complement in Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in
... atrophy of retinal ganglion cells. Together, the various forms of glaucoma constitute the second leading cause of vision loss in the developed world. Current therapies for the treatment of glaucoma focus on alleviating the primary risk factor, an elevation in intraocular pressure. These treatments a ...
... atrophy of retinal ganglion cells. Together, the various forms of glaucoma constitute the second leading cause of vision loss in the developed world. Current therapies for the treatment of glaucoma focus on alleviating the primary risk factor, an elevation in intraocular pressure. These treatments a ...
The Role of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in
... Abstract. Infections of the corneal surface are an important cause of blindness. Protozoal, viral, bacterial, and helminthic infections of the cornea account for up to 9 million cases of corneal blindness. Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba produce a progressive infection of the cornea ca ...
... Abstract. Infections of the corneal surface are an important cause of blindness. Protozoal, viral, bacterial, and helminthic infections of the cornea account for up to 9 million cases of corneal blindness. Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba produce a progressive infection of the cornea ca ...
Spatial and temporal regulation of cytokine expression in Type 2
... signalling modulates the allelic expression of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells. The transgenic IL-4 reporter mouse has for the first time allowed independent measurement of the effects of IL-4 deficiency on the expression of IL-4 in vivo. Using this system I have found that IL4 is not required for the in vivo ...
... signalling modulates the allelic expression of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells. The transgenic IL-4 reporter mouse has for the first time allowed independent measurement of the effects of IL-4 deficiency on the expression of IL-4 in vivo. Using this system I have found that IL4 is not required for the in vivo ...
CXCL10 Inhibits Viral Replication Through Recruitment of Natural
... in autoimmune inflammatory lesions,9 delayed-type hypersensitivity,10 many viral infections,11 and certain tumors. In a number of viral disease models, CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 have been shown to function in host resistance to virus infection by regulating the trafficking of activated inflammat ...
... in autoimmune inflammatory lesions,9 delayed-type hypersensitivity,10 many viral infections,11 and certain tumors. In a number of viral disease models, CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 have been shown to function in host resistance to virus infection by regulating the trafficking of activated inflammat ...
the effects of thymus and other lymphoid organs enclosed in
... weeks of age. Ten days after injection each mouse was bled from the retroorbital plexus and serum antibody titrations performed at room temperature. Doubling dilutions of serum were added to 6 mm by 50 mm tubes which had previously been prepared by the addition of a drop of a 4 per cent suspension o ...
... weeks of age. Ten days after injection each mouse was bled from the retroorbital plexus and serum antibody titrations performed at room temperature. Doubling dilutions of serum were added to 6 mm by 50 mm tubes which had previously been prepared by the addition of a drop of a 4 per cent suspension o ...
Understanding and Treating Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
... levels. Prednisone also has the additional benefit of strengthening vein and artery walls, which helps prevent unwanted bleeding. The dose of prednisone is slowly diminished over a course of weeks or months. With this treatment, some individuals experience increased platelet levels, but most require ...
... levels. Prednisone also has the additional benefit of strengthening vein and artery walls, which helps prevent unwanted bleeding. The dose of prednisone is slowly diminished over a course of weeks or months. With this treatment, some individuals experience increased platelet levels, but most require ...
Print - Circulation Research
... the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox in the subfornical organ reduces hypertension and T cell activation, while activation of sympathetic outflow by deletion of the extracellular superoxide dismutase in the subfornical organ enhances T cell activation.2, 8, 9 The mechanisms underlying this link between ...
... the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox in the subfornical organ reduces hypertension and T cell activation, while activation of sympathetic outflow by deletion of the extracellular superoxide dismutase in the subfornical organ enhances T cell activation.2, 8, 9 The mechanisms underlying this link between ...
What Milking Does Your Colostrum Come From?
... newborn calf healthy and protected during the first few as parturition nears and ceases upon the birth of the calf. At the time of birth, almost all days of life when there is almost no host immunity. of the biologically active components present in the udder were transferred from the circuColostrum ...
... newborn calf healthy and protected during the first few as parturition nears and ceases upon the birth of the calf. At the time of birth, almost all days of life when there is almost no host immunity. of the biologically active components present in the udder were transferred from the circuColostrum ...
Metchnikoff and the phagocytosis theory - BU Blogs
... parenchymella to phagocytella in 1886. The preoccupation with phagocytes originated in his attempt to define the fundamental principles of comparative embryology. The centrality of digestive function convinced Metchnikoff that in following the phylogenetic fate of phagocytes, he had a tool for disce ...
... parenchymella to phagocytella in 1886. The preoccupation with phagocytes originated in his attempt to define the fundamental principles of comparative embryology. The centrality of digestive function convinced Metchnikoff that in following the phylogenetic fate of phagocytes, he had a tool for disce ...
Provenge, Common name - Autologous peripheral blood
... Qualitative and quantitative composition ...
... Qualitative and quantitative composition ...
Nlrp3-inflammasome activation in non-myeloid- derived cells aggravates diabetic nephropathy
... To evaluate the relevance of the inflammasome in diabetic nephropathy we analyzed diabetic mice of various ages. Levels of (cleaved) IL-1b and IL-18 were low in plasma (Figure 1a) and hardly detectable in renal cortex extracts (Figure 1b and c) of 4-week-old db/db mice, but significantly increased i ...
... To evaluate the relevance of the inflammasome in diabetic nephropathy we analyzed diabetic mice of various ages. Levels of (cleaved) IL-1b and IL-18 were low in plasma (Figure 1a) and hardly detectable in renal cortex extracts (Figure 1b and c) of 4-week-old db/db mice, but significantly increased i ...
LMP1 signaling can replace CD40 signaling in B cells in vivo and
... LMP1, binds directly to TRAF 6.7,11 Conversely, LMP1, but not CD40, binds to the tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated death domain protein (TRADD) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP).12 The most striking difference between LMP1 and CD40 is that LMP1 constitutively signals independently of li ...
... LMP1, binds directly to TRAF 6.7,11 Conversely, LMP1, but not CD40, binds to the tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated death domain protein (TRADD) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP).12 The most striking difference between LMP1 and CD40 is that LMP1 constitutively signals independently of li ...
Anaphylaxis_01 (Pathophysiology)
... Fc-epsilon-RI on mast cells and/or basophils. The events leading to allergen-specific IgE production in atopic individual are complex. In brief, B cells are driven to differentiate into IgE-producing cells via activity of type 2 subset of CD4-bearing helper T cells (Th2 cells). This process largely ...
... Fc-epsilon-RI on mast cells and/or basophils. The events leading to allergen-specific IgE production in atopic individual are complex. In brief, B cells are driven to differentiate into IgE-producing cells via activity of type 2 subset of CD4-bearing helper T cells (Th2 cells). This process largely ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.