Outlines
... NPY occurs predominantly in the central nervous system and in peripheral nerves, primarily in blood vessels. ...
... NPY occurs predominantly in the central nervous system and in peripheral nerves, primarily in blood vessels. ...
Vitamin D Metabolism in Dairy Cattle and Implications for Dietary
... surrounding cells to influence immunity (Hewison, 2010; Nelson et al., 2010b). Regulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis in the immune system is, for the most part, independent of that in the endocrine system. The dynamics of vitamin D metabolism in each system differ, and as a consequence, the requiremen ...
... surrounding cells to influence immunity (Hewison, 2010; Nelson et al., 2010b). Regulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis in the immune system is, for the most part, independent of that in the endocrine system. The dynamics of vitamin D metabolism in each system differ, and as a consequence, the requiremen ...
Saccharomyces boulardii effects on gastrointestinal diseases
... defences, the neutralization of bacterial toxins and the decrease of bacterial adherence to intestinal epithelial cells, the maintenance of membrane permeability and the inhibition of pathogen translocation. Experimental effects of S. boulardii on diarrhoeal pathogens have been previously reviewed ( ...
... defences, the neutralization of bacterial toxins and the decrease of bacterial adherence to intestinal epithelial cells, the maintenance of membrane permeability and the inhibition of pathogen translocation. Experimental effects of S. boulardii on diarrhoeal pathogens have been previously reviewed ( ...
The Role of RNase L in Thymic Homeostasis and Humoral Responses
... By using RNase L gene knockout mice with C57BL/6 background, we found that RNase L deficient mice displayed severe homeostatic defect in the thymus, from birth until adolescence consistently. This homeostatic defect in the thymus was reflected by the increased population of BrdU positive cells, the ...
... By using RNase L gene knockout mice with C57BL/6 background, we found that RNase L deficient mice displayed severe homeostatic defect in the thymus, from birth until adolescence consistently. This homeostatic defect in the thymus was reflected by the increased population of BrdU positive cells, the ...
Vitiligo and alopecia areata: apples and oranges?
... Treatments for vitiligo are primarily topical steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors or narrow-band ultraviolet B (UVB) light therapy (4). In contrast, alopecia areata is primarily treated with intra-lesional steroid injections or by inducing contact dermatitis with chemicals such as squaric acid ...
... Treatments for vitiligo are primarily topical steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors or narrow-band ultraviolet B (UVB) light therapy (4). In contrast, alopecia areata is primarily treated with intra-lesional steroid injections or by inducing contact dermatitis with chemicals such as squaric acid ...
Two Distinct Mechanisms for Induction of Dendritic Cell Apoptosis in
... rogrammed cell death or apoptosis plays a major regulatory role in immune responses (1). TNF-␣ released early in response to bacterial infections (2) and, specifically, several bacterial pathogens can directly trigger apoptosis in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (3–10). However, the molecul ...
... rogrammed cell death or apoptosis plays a major regulatory role in immune responses (1). TNF-␣ released early in response to bacterial infections (2) and, specifically, several bacterial pathogens can directly trigger apoptosis in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (3–10). However, the molecul ...
Imiquimod 5 % Cream for the Treatment of Skin Diseases
... common treatment option. However, some IHs can evolve rapidly, impinge on facial structures, inhibit development and function, ulcerate and bleed and thus require treatment. Imiquimod 5% cream has been shown to be effective in these s i t u a t i o n ~ . ( ~ ~ J The ' - ~ ~ ) exact dose and duration ...
... common treatment option. However, some IHs can evolve rapidly, impinge on facial structures, inhibit development and function, ulcerate and bleed and thus require treatment. Imiquimod 5% cream has been shown to be effective in these s i t u a t i o n ~ . ( ~ ~ J The ' - ~ ~ ) exact dose and duration ...
Mammary Gland Involution: Events, Regulation and
... transgenic mouse mammary glands show extensive secretory products held within apical membrane outgrowths of alveolar epithelial cells. This suggests an impaired cellular secretory process. Thus, 5-HT and LTF may be working on different aspects of the milk secretion process (gene expression, TJs, exo ...
... transgenic mouse mammary glands show extensive secretory products held within apical membrane outgrowths of alveolar epithelial cells. This suggests an impaired cellular secretory process. Thus, 5-HT and LTF may be working on different aspects of the milk secretion process (gene expression, TJs, exo ...
Pathogen-Induced Apoptotic Neutrophils Express Heat
... apoptosis in neutrophils represents a pathogenic strategy for microbes to eliminate these key immune cells and use them as “Trojan horses” to enter M. However, in the cited studies, neutrophil apoptosis was induced by age or irradiation; thus, the results may not apply to the very early phase of in ...
... apoptosis in neutrophils represents a pathogenic strategy for microbes to eliminate these key immune cells and use them as “Trojan horses” to enter M. However, in the cited studies, neutrophil apoptosis was induced by age or irradiation; thus, the results may not apply to the very early phase of in ...
Novel tests for diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion: what works and what REVIEW
... studies, but these kits should be validated in different settings. ADA activity measurement is simple and inexpensive to perform and does not require special equipment, making it an attractive option for settings with high TB incidence and limited resources. In contrast, measurement of IFN-c is expe ...
... studies, but these kits should be validated in different settings. ADA activity measurement is simple and inexpensive to perform and does not require special equipment, making it an attractive option for settings with high TB incidence and limited resources. In contrast, measurement of IFN-c is expe ...
O MHC - Fernando Pessoa University
... Each polymorphic variant is called an allele In the human population, over 1,200 MHC alleles have been identified ...
... Each polymorphic variant is called an allele In the human population, over 1,200 MHC alleles have been identified ...
Chronic inflammation
... Activated macrophages secrete bio-oxidant that initiate lipid peroxidation in the membrane of other cells in the infiltrated area. However, simply increasing chemotaxin in some tissue site has not meant to influx of new inflammatory effector cells from the blood. It is necessary that along with the ...
... Activated macrophages secrete bio-oxidant that initiate lipid peroxidation in the membrane of other cells in the infiltrated area. However, simply increasing chemotaxin in some tissue site has not meant to influx of new inflammatory effector cells from the blood. It is necessary that along with the ...
Modelling T Cell Activation
... presenting cells, the dendritic cells (DCs), sit and wait at the interfaces between the body and the environment. DCs constantly sample the environment, and then migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) where they present their captured antigens to the T cells. If the T cel ...
... presenting cells, the dendritic cells (DCs), sit and wait at the interfaces between the body and the environment. DCs constantly sample the environment, and then migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) where they present their captured antigens to the T cells. If the T cel ...
The Characteristics of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response Identify
... HBV infection.8 Several other mechanisms could be involved, such as viral interference by other viruses, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), down-regulation of HBV gene expression by an undefined cellular mechanism, and virus control by the adaptive T-cell response. In the clinical setting, occult HB ...
... HBV infection.8 Several other mechanisms could be involved, such as viral interference by other viruses, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), down-regulation of HBV gene expression by an undefined cellular mechanism, and virus control by the adaptive T-cell response. In the clinical setting, occult HB ...
Recognition of bacteria by inflammasomes.
... C terminus comprises part of the D0 region of flagellin and is distinct from the D1 region, which is recognized by the TLR5 cell-surface flagellin receptor (34, 35). Importantly, direct binding of flagellin to NLRC4 has not been demonstrated, and in fact, flagellin activation of NLRC4 appears to be ...
... C terminus comprises part of the D0 region of flagellin and is distinct from the D1 region, which is recognized by the TLR5 cell-surface flagellin receptor (34, 35). Importantly, direct binding of flagellin to NLRC4 has not been demonstrated, and in fact, flagellin activation of NLRC4 appears to be ...
Beta-Carotene
... detoxify pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizer residues, industrial poisons, and toxic drugs. Vitamin A stored in the liver purifies the blood and the purified blood increases resistance to infection and inflammation. Second, beta-carotene increases the immune system's T-cell activity. The T-cel ...
... detoxify pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizer residues, industrial poisons, and toxic drugs. Vitamin A stored in the liver purifies the blood and the purified blood increases resistance to infection and inflammation. Second, beta-carotene increases the immune system's T-cell activity. The T-cel ...
Prolonged suckling period in organic piglet production – Effects on
... During weaning, piglets are under strain from the loss of their dam, the change in feed, and a new microbiological environment. How much this strain influences the piglets depends mostly on their immune system. Piglets from organic production are weaned later (at least 40 days) than piglets from con ...
... During weaning, piglets are under strain from the loss of their dam, the change in feed, and a new microbiological environment. How much this strain influences the piglets depends mostly on their immune system. Piglets from organic production are weaned later (at least 40 days) than piglets from con ...
Cytokines from the pig conceptus: roles in conceptus development
... [62,67] demonstrate that initiation of trophoblast elongation is regulated by conceptus development. However, alterations in uterine secretion do have a direct impact on the rate of conceptus development to reach the stage for elongation. A number of studies have evaluated the transcriptome of devel ...
... [62,67] demonstrate that initiation of trophoblast elongation is regulated by conceptus development. However, alterations in uterine secretion do have a direct impact on the rate of conceptus development to reach the stage for elongation. A number of studies have evaluated the transcriptome of devel ...
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS OF ME/CFS: what is already
... Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry in which he appears to favour deliberately deceiving patients: “The term ‘functional’ has increasingly come to mean ‘hysterical’…The DSM-V working group (which includes Professor Michael Sharpe from the UK, a prominent member of the Wessely School) proposes to ...
... Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry in which he appears to favour deliberately deceiving patients: “The term ‘functional’ has increasingly come to mean ‘hysterical’…The DSM-V working group (which includes Professor Michael Sharpe from the UK, a prominent member of the Wessely School) proposes to ...
Mechanisms by which Vitamin A and D may Contribute to (Oral
... Vitamin A and D status in western world in relation to auto-immunity and allergic disease As mentioned in the introduction, the diseases of interest are IBD, food allergy and asthma: these diseases exist due to a disturbed immune system. IBD is an autoimmune disease where inflammation occurs throug ...
... Vitamin A and D status in western world in relation to auto-immunity and allergic disease As mentioned in the introduction, the diseases of interest are IBD, food allergy and asthma: these diseases exist due to a disturbed immune system. IBD is an autoimmune disease where inflammation occurs throug ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.