enzymes - charlestonbiology
... - involves many intermediates along the way Glucose is converted to intermediate 1 by enzyme 1 - this is irreversible Ensures levels of glucose stay low within a cell - allows more glucose to diffuse into the cell Intermediate 1 converting to intermediate 2 is reversible - aided by enzyme 2 - if the ...
... - involves many intermediates along the way Glucose is converted to intermediate 1 by enzyme 1 - this is irreversible Ensures levels of glucose stay low within a cell - allows more glucose to diffuse into the cell Intermediate 1 converting to intermediate 2 is reversible - aided by enzyme 2 - if the ...
lecture1
... This is an alternative pathway for the degradation of glucose via 5C sugar other than the hexose. Site:- It is active in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, testis, erythrocytes and lactating mammary glands. Importance:- It is a device for generating NADPH (Dihydronicotinamide adenin ...
... This is an alternative pathway for the degradation of glucose via 5C sugar other than the hexose. Site:- It is active in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, testis, erythrocytes and lactating mammary glands. Importance:- It is a device for generating NADPH (Dihydronicotinamide adenin ...
Cell Metabolism - U of L Class Index
... The carbon dioxide released by cells is generated by the Kreb's Cycle, as are the energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) which play a role in the next step. 1. Pyruvate’s COO- is removed away as CO2; Acetyl CoA adds two-carbon to oxaloacetate. 2. Conversion of citrate to its isomer, isocitrate via adding ...
... The carbon dioxide released by cells is generated by the Kreb's Cycle, as are the energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) which play a role in the next step. 1. Pyruvate’s COO- is removed away as CO2; Acetyl CoA adds two-carbon to oxaloacetate. 2. Conversion of citrate to its isomer, isocitrate via adding ...
Study Guide for Lecture Examination 3
... In the absence of oxygen (or in cells that do not have mitochondria), glycolysis is the only process available to produce ATP from the energy in glucose. This is called anaerobic metabolism. If glyc ...
... In the absence of oxygen (or in cells that do not have mitochondria), glycolysis is the only process available to produce ATP from the energy in glucose. This is called anaerobic metabolism. If glyc ...
Protein mteabolism
... It has important role in protecting skin from damaging effect of UV radiation: ...
... It has important role in protecting skin from damaging effect of UV radiation: ...
Protein mteabolism
... - Melatonin is sleep-inducing molecule -So ingestion of food rich in tryptophan leads to sleepiness. It is powerful antioxidant It has important role in protecting skin from damaging effect of UV radiation: ...
... - Melatonin is sleep-inducing molecule -So ingestion of food rich in tryptophan leads to sleepiness. It is powerful antioxidant It has important role in protecting skin from damaging effect of UV radiation: ...
chapter 8 notes - 8.4 and 8.5 - APBio09-10
... 4. Catalysis – enzymes lower the Ea barrier 5. Enzymes cannot a. modify the overall change in energy of a reaction b. Make an endergonic reaction an exergonic one. 6. Enzymes DO a. Hasten reactions b. Make it possible for cells to have dynamic metabolisms c. Determine which process are going on in t ...
... 4. Catalysis – enzymes lower the Ea barrier 5. Enzymes cannot a. modify the overall change in energy of a reaction b. Make an endergonic reaction an exergonic one. 6. Enzymes DO a. Hasten reactions b. Make it possible for cells to have dynamic metabolisms c. Determine which process are going on in t ...
ATP Molecules
... ATP is constantly regenerated from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) after energy is expended by the cell. Use of ATP by the cell has advantages: 1) can be used in many types of reactions. 2) When ATP → ADP + P, energy released is sufficient for cellular needs, little energy is wasted. ...
... ATP is constantly regenerated from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) after energy is expended by the cell. Use of ATP by the cell has advantages: 1) can be used in many types of reactions. 2) When ATP → ADP + P, energy released is sufficient for cellular needs, little energy is wasted. ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
Lesson 5: Enzymes
... 1. Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions) ...
... 1. Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions) ...
Animation
... Product of this very exergonic reaction G3P reacts with inorganic phosphate present in cytosol to yield 1,3bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Process: Oxidation / Dehydrogenation Next ...
... Product of this very exergonic reaction G3P reacts with inorganic phosphate present in cytosol to yield 1,3bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Process: Oxidation / Dehydrogenation Next ...
Cellular Respiration
... What Happens? = If oxygen IS available, fermentation does NOT happen. 1. Pyruvic Acid is converted into Acetyl CoA. 2. This joins with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. 3. Citric Acid goes through a cycle where CO2 and electron carriers are formed. 4. The 2 original pyruvic acid molecules are co ...
... What Happens? = If oxygen IS available, fermentation does NOT happen. 1. Pyruvic Acid is converted into Acetyl CoA. 2. This joins with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. 3. Citric Acid goes through a cycle where CO2 and electron carriers are formed. 4. The 2 original pyruvic acid molecules are co ...
Lecture 7 Citric acid cycle
... acids, glucose, and some amino acids yields acetylCoA. Stage 2: oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle includes four steps in which electrons are abstracted. ...
... acids, glucose, and some amino acids yields acetylCoA. Stage 2: oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle includes four steps in which electrons are abstracted. ...
Metabolism
... This is due to the catalytic side chains in the active site being in the correct state of ionisation. 8. Illustrate the role of the coenzyme NAD in the reactions catalysed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, referring to the biochemical change ...
... This is due to the catalytic side chains in the active site being in the correct state of ionisation. 8. Illustrate the role of the coenzyme NAD in the reactions catalysed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, referring to the biochemical change ...
Nerve activates contraction
... synthesis via the proton gradient and ATP synthase. This occurs primarily in the presence of oxygen. Chemiosmosisthe phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that are following a concentration gradient contact ATP synthase. ...
... synthesis via the proton gradient and ATP synthase. This occurs primarily in the presence of oxygen. Chemiosmosisthe phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that are following a concentration gradient contact ATP synthase. ...
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... Animals, some fungi pyruvate lactic acid 3C NADH ...
... Animals, some fungi pyruvate lactic acid 3C NADH ...
Respiration 2 PPT
... chain – Electron transfer causes protein complexes to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the ...
... chain – Electron transfer causes protein complexes to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the ...
BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text Pages Citric Acid Cycle • Citric
... Electron transport chain ATP synthesis powered by the flow Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation ...
... Electron transport chain ATP synthesis powered by the flow Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation ...
Chapter 04 - Lecture Outline
... Most metabolic reactions depend on chemical energy. a. This form of energy is held within the chemical bonds that link atoms into molecules. b. When the bond breaks, chemical energy is released. c. This release of chemical energy is termed oxidation. d. The released chemical energy can then be used ...
... Most metabolic reactions depend on chemical energy. a. This form of energy is held within the chemical bonds that link atoms into molecules. b. When the bond breaks, chemical energy is released. c. This release of chemical energy is termed oxidation. d. The released chemical energy can then be used ...
1 Enzymes: The Biological Catalysts Definition: Enzymes are
... molecules called ribozymes. Enzymes are effective and highly specific catalysts: 1. Enzymes catalyze the conversion of one or more compounds called substrates into one or more compounds called products. 2. Enzymes accelerate (speed up) the rate of reaction by a factor of at least 106 . 3. Like all c ...
... molecules called ribozymes. Enzymes are effective and highly specific catalysts: 1. Enzymes catalyze the conversion of one or more compounds called substrates into one or more compounds called products. 2. Enzymes accelerate (speed up) the rate of reaction by a factor of at least 106 . 3. Like all c ...
The Logic Linking Protein Acetylation and Metabolism
... increased phosphorylation of proteins by CDKs to drive the cell cycle under these conditions. More generally, phosphorylation-based signaling pathways may impinge on sirtuins to exert an additional layer of control over protein acetylation. How will the flow of carbon provide acetyl-CoA for acetylat ...
... increased phosphorylation of proteins by CDKs to drive the cell cycle under these conditions. More generally, phosphorylation-based signaling pathways may impinge on sirtuins to exert an additional layer of control over protein acetylation. How will the flow of carbon provide acetyl-CoA for acetylat ...
Ch8_CellularRespiration
... • 2 molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis, while 4 are produced, for a net gain of 2 ATPs. • Glycolysis supplies some energy, its product (pyruvate) can be broken down ...
... • 2 molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis, while 4 are produced, for a net gain of 2 ATPs. • Glycolysis supplies some energy, its product (pyruvate) can be broken down ...
Introduction to Biotechnology
... 1. glucose is split into 2 (3C)(Pyruvic acid molecules) sugars 2. the 3C sugars are oxidized and rearranged to produce pyruvate. 3. the oxidation is coupled with NAD+ being reduced to NADH. 4. consists of 2 phases a.energy investment phase (using 2 ATPs per glucose molecule) b. energy yielding phase ...
... 1. glucose is split into 2 (3C)(Pyruvic acid molecules) sugars 2. the 3C sugars are oxidized and rearranged to produce pyruvate. 3. the oxidation is coupled with NAD+ being reduced to NADH. 4. consists of 2 phases a.energy investment phase (using 2 ATPs per glucose molecule) b. energy yielding phase ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.