Biology 105
... Electron transport chain 4th stage - takes place in the mitochondria Results in chemiosmosis - formation of ATP as protons diffuse through transmembrane channels. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation Results in 32-34 ATP formed ...
... Electron transport chain 4th stage - takes place in the mitochondria Results in chemiosmosis - formation of ATP as protons diffuse through transmembrane channels. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation Results in 32-34 ATP formed ...
Chemistry 110 Enzymes
... Enzyme Chemistry Terminology ¾Enzyme activation: any process that initiates or increases the activity of an enzyme. ¾Enzyme inhibition: any process that makes an enzyme less active or inactive. ¾Competitive inhibitor: any substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme thus preventing binding o ...
... Enzyme Chemistry Terminology ¾Enzyme activation: any process that initiates or increases the activity of an enzyme. ¾Enzyme inhibition: any process that makes an enzyme less active or inactive. ¾Competitive inhibitor: any substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme thus preventing binding o ...
Enzymes1
... of chemical reactions by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction . This pathway involves increasing the free energy of activation of the reaction. Enzymes are not changed in the overall catalytic process. All enzymes are of a protein nature . Most enzymes have a globular structure. ...
... of chemical reactions by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction . This pathway involves increasing the free energy of activation of the reaction. Enzymes are not changed in the overall catalytic process. All enzymes are of a protein nature . Most enzymes have a globular structure. ...
2nd CAT
... In an experiment carried out in your BCH 221 laboratory the following initial velocity was obtained when different amounts of substrate were added to a fixed amount of enzyme. The experiment was repeated again in presence of 0.00022M inhibitor. ...
... In an experiment carried out in your BCH 221 laboratory the following initial velocity was obtained when different amounts of substrate were added to a fixed amount of enzyme. The experiment was repeated again in presence of 0.00022M inhibitor. ...
2 ATP - HCC Learning Web
... place within the mitochondrial matrix • The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme • The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
... place within the mitochondrial matrix • The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme • The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
Technical Information - BIOLOG Life Science Institute
... Name: Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) Description: cADPR is an analogue of ADP ribose in which the C-1 of the free ribose is connected to the nitrogen in position 1 of the adenine nucleobase yielding a macrocyclic ring system (Kim et al. 1993). ...
... Name: Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) Description: cADPR is an analogue of ADP ribose in which the C-1 of the free ribose is connected to the nitrogen in position 1 of the adenine nucleobase yielding a macrocyclic ring system (Kim et al. 1993). ...
Cell Respiration and Metabolism
... Units of Metabolic rate - Metabolic rate is measured as: Calories per square meter per hour (Calories/m2/hr) -m2 is the measure of body surface area. As an example BMR can be calculated from the amount of O2 consumption: A subject consumes 15 L of O2 in 1 hour at basal conditions, Caloric equivalen ...
... Units of Metabolic rate - Metabolic rate is measured as: Calories per square meter per hour (Calories/m2/hr) -m2 is the measure of body surface area. As an example BMR can be calculated from the amount of O2 consumption: A subject consumes 15 L of O2 in 1 hour at basal conditions, Caloric equivalen ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
... The electrons from NADH enter the electron chain at a higher energy level than the electrons from FADH2. Thus, the greater energy difference for electrons from NADH provides energy that drives the synthesis of three ATP. ATP synthase consists of two protein complexes known as F0 and F1. ...
... The electrons from NADH enter the electron chain at a higher energy level than the electrons from FADH2. Thus, the greater energy difference for electrons from NADH provides energy that drives the synthesis of three ATP. ATP synthase consists of two protein complexes known as F0 and F1. ...
Note 4.2 - Aerobic Respiration
... Six molecules of CO2 have been released back into the atmosphere. Four molecules of substrate-level phosphorylated ATP have been released into the cytosol for uses by the cell. What remains are ten molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2, which now enter the electron transport change to synthes ...
... Six molecules of CO2 have been released back into the atmosphere. Four molecules of substrate-level phosphorylated ATP have been released into the cytosol for uses by the cell. What remains are ten molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2, which now enter the electron transport change to synthes ...
Comparison With Photosynthesis
... g matrix NADH – Electron flow through Complex I → sensitive to inhibition by several compounds, including rotenone and piericidin. – In addition, plant mitochondira have a rotenoneresistant dehydrogenase for oxidation of NADH derived from citric acid cycle substrate → this pathway may be a bypass th ...
... g matrix NADH – Electron flow through Complex I → sensitive to inhibition by several compounds, including rotenone and piericidin. – In addition, plant mitochondira have a rotenoneresistant dehydrogenase for oxidation of NADH derived from citric acid cycle substrate → this pathway may be a bypass th ...
8/27/08 Transcript I
... will be a base that will be unprotanated when the pH comes up and an acid that is unprotanated as the acid comes up. There is a range where maximum activity of enzymes is at physiological pH (7). Very few are active above pH of 9 or 10, however some are active at lower pH such as pepsin, which is ut ...
... will be a base that will be unprotanated when the pH comes up and an acid that is unprotanated as the acid comes up. There is a range where maximum activity of enzymes is at physiological pH (7). Very few are active above pH of 9 or 10, however some are active at lower pH such as pepsin, which is ut ...
Table of Contents - Milan Area Schools
... Intermediates can form amino acids. The citric acid cycle intermediate aketoglutarate is the starting point for the synthesis of purines. Oxaloacetate is a starting point for pyrimidines. ...
... Intermediates can form amino acids. The citric acid cycle intermediate aketoglutarate is the starting point for the synthesis of purines. Oxaloacetate is a starting point for pyrimidines. ...
pyruvate
... • In adipose tissue insulin increases Pdh activity and in cardiac muscle Pdh activity is increased by catecholamines. PEPCK Human liver cells contain almost equal amounts of mitochondrial and cytosolic PEPCK (this is unique amongst mammalian cells) so this second reaction can occur in either cellula ...
... • In adipose tissue insulin increases Pdh activity and in cardiac muscle Pdh activity is increased by catecholamines. PEPCK Human liver cells contain almost equal amounts of mitochondrial and cytosolic PEPCK (this is unique amongst mammalian cells) so this second reaction can occur in either cellula ...
Glycolysis
... reactions occur (ex: glucose broken down) Note: When ADP binds a Pi, ATP is made. This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme. ATP made in this manner is called substrate-level phosphorylation. The addition of a Pi group to any molecule is termed phosphorylation. ...
... reactions occur (ex: glucose broken down) Note: When ADP binds a Pi, ATP is made. This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme. ATP made in this manner is called substrate-level phosphorylation. The addition of a Pi group to any molecule is termed phosphorylation. ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
CHAPTER 6
... order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes, a catabolic one (E3) and it’s anabolic co ...
... order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes, a catabolic one (E3) and it’s anabolic co ...
Where It Starts: Photosynthesis
... Enzymes of glycolysis use two ATP to convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate Reactions transfer electrons and hydrogen atoms to two NAD+ (reduces to NADH) 4 ATP form by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... Enzymes of glycolysis use two ATP to convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate Reactions transfer electrons and hydrogen atoms to two NAD+ (reduces to NADH) 4 ATP form by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
ch 6 notes
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
Slide 1
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
Chapter 26 Outline Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen
... • Glutamate dehydrogenase • When coupled with transaminase, can represent removal of N from any AA to form NH3 H ...
... • Glutamate dehydrogenase • When coupled with transaminase, can represent removal of N from any AA to form NH3 H ...
Ch 8 Cellular Respiration
... Evidence of Endosymbiosis: Mitochondrial genomes are very small and show a great deal of variation as a result of divergent evolution. Mitochondrial genes that have been conserved across evolution include rRNA genes, tRNA genes, and a small number of genes that encode proteins involved in electron t ...
... Evidence of Endosymbiosis: Mitochondrial genomes are very small and show a great deal of variation as a result of divergent evolution. Mitochondrial genes that have been conserved across evolution include rRNA genes, tRNA genes, and a small number of genes that encode proteins involved in electron t ...
Acetylation
... Typical products of the reactions catalyzed by flavin monooxygenases are sulfoxides and nitroxides. ...
... Typical products of the reactions catalyzed by flavin monooxygenases are sulfoxides and nitroxides. ...
Bio-chemistry(Enzymes)
... Co-enzyme: The non-protein, organic, Iow molecular weight and dialysable substance associated with enzyme function is known as coenzyme. Ribozymes are a group of ribonucleic acids that function as biological catalysts and they are regarded as non-protein enzymes Isozymes: The multiple forms of an en ...
... Co-enzyme: The non-protein, organic, Iow molecular weight and dialysable substance associated with enzyme function is known as coenzyme. Ribozymes are a group of ribonucleic acids that function as biological catalysts and they are regarded as non-protein enzymes Isozymes: The multiple forms of an en ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.