NON-CANONICAL TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION: THE EXPANDING
... sigma factors allow initiation with coenzymes. Structural consideration of NAD-capping Bird and colleagues (2016) presented structural insights into transcription initiation with NAD and CoA. The T. thermophilus RNAP crystal structures of the initial product complex obtained upon initiation with NAD ...
... sigma factors allow initiation with coenzymes. Structural consideration of NAD-capping Bird and colleagues (2016) presented structural insights into transcription initiation with NAD and CoA. The T. thermophilus RNAP crystal structures of the initial product complex obtained upon initiation with NAD ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
... shunt or pathway), or the pentose phosphate pathway, or the phosphogluconate pathway (Fig. 15-1). The pathway in its full form is complicated and has complicated stoichiometry. Usually it’s not necessary to remember all of it. The important points are that it makes NADPH for biosynthesis and riboses ...
... shunt or pathway), or the pentose phosphate pathway, or the phosphogluconate pathway (Fig. 15-1). The pathway in its full form is complicated and has complicated stoichiometry. Usually it’s not necessary to remember all of it. The important points are that it makes NADPH for biosynthesis and riboses ...
Cellular respiration - how cells make energy
... - multi carbon compound looses electrons (as two hydrogens). - NAD+ gets the electrons and becomes NADH. It also picks up a hydrogen atom in the process. - another hydrogen atom (ion) is put into the solution surrounding the membrane. - NADH will use its new found energy in an electron transport cha ...
... - multi carbon compound looses electrons (as two hydrogens). - NAD+ gets the electrons and becomes NADH. It also picks up a hydrogen atom in the process. - another hydrogen atom (ion) is put into the solution surrounding the membrane. - NADH will use its new found energy in an electron transport cha ...
Final Respiration
... • Compare the kilocalories of glucose with the kilocalories in the ATP that is made. • The 2 ATP molecules made during glycolysis account for only 2% of the energy in glucose • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex ...
... • Compare the kilocalories of glucose with the kilocalories in the ATP that is made. • The 2 ATP molecules made during glycolysis account for only 2% of the energy in glucose • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex ...
cellrespdiagrams
... • Compare the kilocalories of glucose with the kilocalories in the ATP that is made. • The 2 ATP molecules made during glycolysis account for only 2% of the energy in glucose • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex ...
... • Compare the kilocalories of glucose with the kilocalories in the ATP that is made. • The 2 ATP molecules made during glycolysis account for only 2% of the energy in glucose • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex ...
questions for lipids
... a. High [ATP] in the mitochondrion inhibits __________________________________ ______________________________ activities to slow the degradation of acetyl-CoA. b. High [citrate] stimulates ______________________ activity to promote synthesis of palmitic acid. c. High [NADH] in the mitochondria inhib ...
... a. High [ATP] in the mitochondrion inhibits __________________________________ ______________________________ activities to slow the degradation of acetyl-CoA. b. High [citrate] stimulates ______________________ activity to promote synthesis of palmitic acid. c. High [NADH] in the mitochondria inhib ...
NEHRU ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, TM PALAYALAM
... A) Bacteria released excess carbon dioxide in these areas B) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature of the red and ...
... A) Bacteria released excess carbon dioxide in these areas B) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature of the red and ...
Final Respiration
... • Compare the kilocalories of glucose with the kilocalories in the ATP that is made. • The 2 ATP molecules made during glycolysis account for only 2% of the energy in glucose • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex ...
... • Compare the kilocalories of glucose with the kilocalories in the ATP that is made. • The 2 ATP molecules made during glycolysis account for only 2% of the energy in glucose • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex ...
Acid-Base Catalysis
... addition, the substrate must be precisely oriented to the catalytic groups. Once the substrate is correctly positioned, a change in the enzyme's conformation may result in a strained enzyme substrate complex. This strain helps to bring the enzyme substrate complex into the transition state. In gener ...
... addition, the substrate must be precisely oriented to the catalytic groups. Once the substrate is correctly positioned, a change in the enzyme's conformation may result in a strained enzyme substrate complex. This strain helps to bring the enzyme substrate complex into the transition state. In gener ...
13 cellular respiration
... note: - electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed from carrier to carrier in a series of redox reactions. - H+ pumped into intermembrane space, making an electrochemical gradient. - oxygen finally receives electrons, and ties up H+ in matrix. - proton-motive force: protons flood through ATP synthase com ...
... note: - electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed from carrier to carrier in a series of redox reactions. - H+ pumped into intermembrane space, making an electrochemical gradient. - oxygen finally receives electrons, and ties up H+ in matrix. - proton-motive force: protons flood through ATP synthase com ...
Respiration
... Syllabus : The importance of respiration in converting chemical energy in food to chemical energy in ATP. The sites of respiration – the sites of the various biochemical pathways of respiration; the structure of mitochondrion as shown in electron micrographs. (refer to topic ‘The cell --- organelles ...
... Syllabus : The importance of respiration in converting chemical energy in food to chemical energy in ATP. The sites of respiration – the sites of the various biochemical pathways of respiration; the structure of mitochondrion as shown in electron micrographs. (refer to topic ‘The cell --- organelles ...
lecture CH23 chem131pikul
... •The electron transport chain provides the energy to pump H+ ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. •The concentration of H+ ions in the inter membrane space becomes higher than that inside the matrix creating a potential energy gradient. •To return to the matrix, H+ ions travel through ...
... •The electron transport chain provides the energy to pump H+ ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. •The concentration of H+ ions in the inter membrane space becomes higher than that inside the matrix creating a potential energy gradient. •To return to the matrix, H+ ions travel through ...
Respiration chapt07
... – not all molecules are as readily reduced as O2 – other final electron acceptors may be reduced to produce harmful products • fermentation of organic molecules produces acids ...
... – not all molecules are as readily reduced as O2 – other final electron acceptors may be reduced to produce harmful products • fermentation of organic molecules produces acids ...
electron transport chain
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Nerve activates contraction
... ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. • In addition, even more ATP is generated from the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle. • Without oxygen, the energy still stored in pyruvate is unavailable to the cell. • Under aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose yiel ...
... ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. • In addition, even more ATP is generated from the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle. • Without oxygen, the energy still stored in pyruvate is unavailable to the cell. • Under aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose yiel ...
full size
... control is an enzyme-regulation process where the product of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions inhibits an earlier reaction in a sequence. The inhibition may be competitive or noncompetitive. ¾A proenzyme or zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme that must have part of its polypeptide chain c ...
... control is an enzyme-regulation process where the product of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions inhibits an earlier reaction in a sequence. The inhibition may be competitive or noncompetitive. ¾A proenzyme or zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme that must have part of its polypeptide chain c ...
Cellular Respiration
... encodes for the CFTR transmembrane protein. This mutation can lead to many complications in humans such as thickening of mucus and frequent respiratory infections. Where is the CFTR protein synthesized? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. Golgi apparatus D. Nucleus E. Cytoplasm 20- In a research lab, you ar ...
... encodes for the CFTR transmembrane protein. This mutation can lead to many complications in humans such as thickening of mucus and frequent respiratory infections. Where is the CFTR protein synthesized? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. Golgi apparatus D. Nucleus E. Cytoplasm 20- In a research lab, you ar ...
1. Fatty acids are broken down by the ß
... Increased production of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in liver. ...
... Increased production of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in liver. ...
ppt file/carboxilase
... b.) malate-aspartate shuttle can export cytoplasmic glycolytic NADH hydrogen to mitochondrial matrix to electron transport chain alpha-ketoglutarate-malate and aspartate-glutamate(+H+) antiporters take part In PC deficiency the NAD/NADH ratio is abnormal, mitochondrial membrane potential is disrupt ...
... b.) malate-aspartate shuttle can export cytoplasmic glycolytic NADH hydrogen to mitochondrial matrix to electron transport chain alpha-ketoglutarate-malate and aspartate-glutamate(+H+) antiporters take part In PC deficiency the NAD/NADH ratio is abnormal, mitochondrial membrane potential is disrupt ...
Document
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
Document
... Vmax – maximal velocity of a reaction. Addition of more substrate will not increase the rate of the reaction. Km – The concentration of substrate at which the rate of the reaction is half-maximal ...
... Vmax – maximal velocity of a reaction. Addition of more substrate will not increase the rate of the reaction. Km – The concentration of substrate at which the rate of the reaction is half-maximal ...
Slide 1
... The cell must shuttle their electrons to the Electron Transport Chain Where energy from the oxidation of organic fuel will power the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP ...
... The cell must shuttle their electrons to the Electron Transport Chain Where energy from the oxidation of organic fuel will power the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.