Enzyme Control of Metabolic Pathways
... The end products of one reaction very often become the starting substrate for a second reaction or pathway. The consumption of the end products may stimulate the first reaction. In this way an equilibrium situation is avoided and metabolic pathways are continuously restimulated. Each step of a metab ...
... The end products of one reaction very often become the starting substrate for a second reaction or pathway. The consumption of the end products may stimulate the first reaction. In this way an equilibrium situation is avoided and metabolic pathways are continuously restimulated. Each step of a metab ...
Chapter 21 Biosynthetic Pathways
... • There are three irreversible steps in glycolysis: ---Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate + ATP. ---Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. ---Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. • These three steps are reversed in gluconeogenesis, but by different reactions and using different enzymes. ...
... • There are three irreversible steps in glycolysis: ---Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate + ATP. ---Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. ---Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. • These three steps are reversed in gluconeogenesis, but by different reactions and using different enzymes. ...
Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Poly-p
... by the redox state of the cell and the availability of CoASH, pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate. P-Ketothiolase plays a key role in this regulatory process. A similar scheme was suggested ...
... by the redox state of the cell and the availability of CoASH, pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate. P-Ketothiolase plays a key role in this regulatory process. A similar scheme was suggested ...
Supplemental Information
... interface was clear, and the aqueous layer was washed once with chloroform. An equal volume of isopropanol was added to the resulting aqueous extract and the mixture was incubated on crushed dry ice 20-30 min prior to centrifugation (20 min, 15,000 x g). The resulting pellet was dissolved in 50 mM ...
... interface was clear, and the aqueous layer was washed once with chloroform. An equal volume of isopropanol was added to the resulting aqueous extract and the mixture was incubated on crushed dry ice 20-30 min prior to centrifugation (20 min, 15,000 x g). The resulting pellet was dissolved in 50 mM ...
Cellular Respiration
... Explain the electron transport chain (ETC). Name the 3 major stages of cell respiration, along with their locations. Explain glycolysis, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the bridge reaction, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the Kreb’s cycle ...
... Explain the electron transport chain (ETC). Name the 3 major stages of cell respiration, along with their locations. Explain glycolysis, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the bridge reaction, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the Kreb’s cycle ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI
... II. State whether the following are true or false, if false, give reason (5 x 1= 5 marks) (6) The amino acids at the active site of the enzyme do not interact with the substrate. (7) The lactate dehydrogenase isozyme LDH-1 LDH is present in muscles. (8) To reduce the number of free sulphydryl groups ...
... II. State whether the following are true or false, if false, give reason (5 x 1= 5 marks) (6) The amino acids at the active site of the enzyme do not interact with the substrate. (7) The lactate dehydrogenase isozyme LDH-1 LDH is present in muscles. (8) To reduce the number of free sulphydryl groups ...
Where is energy stored in biomolecules like sugars, carbs, lipids, etc.
... Describe what the electron transport chain is and where it is located in the mitochondria. ...
... Describe what the electron transport chain is and where it is located in the mitochondria. ...
Electron Transfer Chain
... Transmembrane H+ flux associated with this reaction will be discussed in the section on oxidative phosphorylation. An atomic-level structure is not yet available for the entire complex I, which in mammals includes at least 46 proteins, along with prosthetic groups FMN & several Fe-S centers. ...
... Transmembrane H+ flux associated with this reaction will be discussed in the section on oxidative phosphorylation. An atomic-level structure is not yet available for the entire complex I, which in mammals includes at least 46 proteins, along with prosthetic groups FMN & several Fe-S centers. ...
Cellular Respiration (Text Book)
... sugars that occurs without O2 • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP • Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other ...
... sugars that occurs without O2 • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP • Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other ...
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
03 Enzymes2
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
ETA Position Paper Biotechnology, Enzymes and Allergies
... Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that are found in all living matter. Man, animals, plants – all living cells produce and need enzymes to live and grow. However, enzymes themselves are not living organisms. Enzymes are catalysts: substances which speed up chemical reactions by being present in ...
... Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that are found in all living matter. Man, animals, plants – all living cells produce and need enzymes to live and grow. However, enzymes themselves are not living organisms. Enzymes are catalysts: substances which speed up chemical reactions by being present in ...
What Are Enzymes?
... • One or more molecules called SUBSTRATES chemically bond to the enzyme’s active site. • When joined they are called an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX • Changes in how the atoms are bonded occur resulting in new molecules being made called PRODUCTS . • Products are then released from the active site. ...
... • One or more molecules called SUBSTRATES chemically bond to the enzyme’s active site. • When joined they are called an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX • Changes in how the atoms are bonded occur resulting in new molecules being made called PRODUCTS . • Products are then released from the active site. ...
Mechanism of Enzyme Action
... • Thus, drugs and toxins that inhibit proteins required for coenzyme synthesis (e.g., vitamin transport proteins or biosynthetic enzymes) can cause the symptoms of a vitamin deficiency. • This type of deficiency is called a functional deficiency, whereas an inadequate intake is called a dietary defi ...
... • Thus, drugs and toxins that inhibit proteins required for coenzyme synthesis (e.g., vitamin transport proteins or biosynthetic enzymes) can cause the symptoms of a vitamin deficiency. • This type of deficiency is called a functional deficiency, whereas an inadequate intake is called a dietary defi ...
Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporters - Rose
... major shuttles are involved in this electron transfer: the glycerophosphate shuttle, which is only used to transfer electrons into the mitochondria, and the malateaspartate shuttle, which can be used to transfer electrons in either direction. Transporters also allow molecules like citrate to cross t ...
... major shuttles are involved in this electron transfer: the glycerophosphate shuttle, which is only used to transfer electrons into the mitochondria, and the malateaspartate shuttle, which can be used to transfer electrons in either direction. Transporters also allow molecules like citrate to cross t ...
A: Objective type questions: Choose the correct answers Most
... All are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT: a. assembly of complex molecules. b. formation of new covalent bonds. c. ATP provides energy. d. NADPH is an electron donor. e. all are true. Ans. E ...
... All are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT: a. assembly of complex molecules. b. formation of new covalent bonds. c. ATP provides energy. d. NADPH is an electron donor. e. all are true. Ans. E ...
Chapter 9 Cell Respiration
... • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
... • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
Control and Integration of Metabolism
... enzyme (provided it is not saturated with substrate) and this could result in a decreased flux through the pathway. • An increase in substrate concentration could stimulate the pathway. • For some metabolites such as blood glucose and intracellular glycogen several factors play a part in order to re ...
... enzyme (provided it is not saturated with substrate) and this could result in a decreased flux through the pathway. • An increase in substrate concentration could stimulate the pathway. • For some metabolites such as blood glucose and intracellular glycogen several factors play a part in order to re ...
Lect2(Enzim
... The active site of an enzyme dictates specificity Tend to be specific for one type of chemical group Substrates have to interact in stereospecific manner (fit) Substrates have to bind relatively well (affinity) H-bonds, electrostatics, hydrophobicity ...
... The active site of an enzyme dictates specificity Tend to be specific for one type of chemical group Substrates have to interact in stereospecific manner (fit) Substrates have to bind relatively well (affinity) H-bonds, electrostatics, hydrophobicity ...
09LecturePresentation
... Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules • In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis • The cycle oxidizes org ...
... Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules • In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis • The cycle oxidizes org ...
File - Mr. Doyle SUIS Science
... substrate-level phosphorylation. Two molecules of pyruvate form at this last reaction step. 6 Summing up, glycolysis yields two NADH, two ATP (net), ...
... substrate-level phosphorylation. Two molecules of pyruvate form at this last reaction step. 6 Summing up, glycolysis yields two NADH, two ATP (net), ...
PowerPoint lecture
... substrate-level phosphorylation. Two molecules of pyruvate form at this last reaction step. 6 Summing up, glycolysis yields two NADH, two ATP (net), ...
... substrate-level phosphorylation. Two molecules of pyruvate form at this last reaction step. 6 Summing up, glycolysis yields two NADH, two ATP (net), ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.