Second Half of Glycolysis
... enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a rate-limiting enzyme. It is active when the concentration of ADP is high; it is less active when ADP levels are lo ...
... enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a rate-limiting enzyme. It is active when the concentration of ADP is high; it is less active when ADP levels are lo ...
Cellular Respiration
... NADH and Electron Transport Chains • The path that electrons take on their way down from glucose to oxygen involves many steps. • The first step is an electron acceptor called NAD+. – NAD is made by cells from niacin, a B vitamin. – The transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to ...
... NADH and Electron Transport Chains • The path that electrons take on their way down from glucose to oxygen involves many steps. • The first step is an electron acceptor called NAD+. – NAD is made by cells from niacin, a B vitamin. – The transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to ...
Electron Transport Oxidative Phosphorylation Control
... transport H+ from the matrix (region of low [H+] or high pH and negative electrical potential) across the inner membrane to the intermembrane space (region of high [H+] or low pH and positive electrical potential) ∆G of the resulting electrochemical gradient = proton motive force (pmf) (recall: disc ...
... transport H+ from the matrix (region of low [H+] or high pH and negative electrical potential) across the inner membrane to the intermembrane space (region of high [H+] or low pH and positive electrical potential) ∆G of the resulting electrochemical gradient = proton motive force (pmf) (recall: disc ...
Slide 1
... molecules and join them together to form complex molecules. For example, glucose molecules go through a condensation reaction forming many glycosidic bonds between molecules and eventually forming the ...
... molecules and join them together to form complex molecules. For example, glucose molecules go through a condensation reaction forming many glycosidic bonds between molecules and eventually forming the ...
AS2098
... significance and fates of the metabolic intermediates and end products of the principal metabolic pathways. 3.Appreciate the major control sites in metabolic pathways, the mechanisms for their control and give an accurate and reasoned account of the integration of metabolism. 4.Explain selected diso ...
... significance and fates of the metabolic intermediates and end products of the principal metabolic pathways. 3.Appreciate the major control sites in metabolic pathways, the mechanisms for their control and give an accurate and reasoned account of the integration of metabolism. 4.Explain selected diso ...
the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde
... Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter being more abundant and displaying sophisticated regulatory properties. Photosynthetic GAPDH can use both NADPH and NADH as electron dono ...
... Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter being more abundant and displaying sophisticated regulatory properties. Photosynthetic GAPDH can use both NADPH and NADH as electron dono ...
Fate of pyruvate
... Coenzymes of the complex are derived from water soluble vitamins: 1- Thiamine pyruphosphate, TPP (derived from thiamine, vitamin B1) 2- NAD+ (derived from niacin) 3- FAD (derived from riboflavin) 4- Lipoic acid 5- Coenzyme A (derived from pantothenic acid) ...
... Coenzymes of the complex are derived from water soluble vitamins: 1- Thiamine pyruphosphate, TPP (derived from thiamine, vitamin B1) 2- NAD+ (derived from niacin) 3- FAD (derived from riboflavin) 4- Lipoic acid 5- Coenzyme A (derived from pantothenic acid) ...
26.9 Purines ond pyrimidines ,,,,,f sr`-c
... Organisms need to synthesizepurine and pyrimidine basesfor incorporation into the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. Moreover, nucleosides such as adenosine are found as part of ATB cyclic AMf; CoA (coenzymeA), NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). The atoms that c ...
... Organisms need to synthesizepurine and pyrimidine basesfor incorporation into the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. Moreover, nucleosides such as adenosine are found as part of ATB cyclic AMf; CoA (coenzymeA), NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). The atoms that c ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Indiana University
... pathway – Base synthesized while attached to ribose – IMP is common intermediate for AMP and GMP, but itself is not a typical nucleotide ...
... pathway – Base synthesized while attached to ribose – IMP is common intermediate for AMP and GMP, but itself is not a typical nucleotide ...
Enzymes - Hartismere
... - The substrate then reacts because it is held in such a way by the enzyme that the right atom groups are close enough to react. The active site contains R-groups that also interact with the substrate, forming temporary bonds. These bonds put strain on the bonds within the substrate which helps the ...
... - The substrate then reacts because it is held in such a way by the enzyme that the right atom groups are close enough to react. The active site contains R-groups that also interact with the substrate, forming temporary bonds. These bonds put strain on the bonds within the substrate which helps the ...
Cellular Respiration - Mr. Fusco's Brookdale Weblog
... Dump the electrons and protons they’ve gathered throughout glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Again, O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 The chain’s function is to break the large free-energy drop fro ...
... Dump the electrons and protons they’ve gathered throughout glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Again, O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 The chain’s function is to break the large free-energy drop fro ...
Cellular Metabolism - Napa Valley College
... 3. The ETC uses the energy from the electrons to transport H+ against the concentration gradient, transporting them from the lumen of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space. ...
... 3. The ETC uses the energy from the electrons to transport H+ against the concentration gradient, transporting them from the lumen of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space. ...
Carbohydrates
... of the earliest energy-yielding pathways • It developed before photosynthesis, when the atmosphere was still anaerobic • Thus, the task upon early organisms was how to extract free energy from glucose anaerobically? • The solution – Activate it first by transferring couple of phosphates to it – Coll ...
... of the earliest energy-yielding pathways • It developed before photosynthesis, when the atmosphere was still anaerobic • Thus, the task upon early organisms was how to extract free energy from glucose anaerobically? • The solution – Activate it first by transferring couple of phosphates to it – Coll ...
CHAPTER 4: CELLULAR METABOLISM
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
Hexokinase
... Glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway—it does not require oxygen 1.The TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is aerobic. When oxygen is abundant, cells prefer to combine these pathways in aerobic ...
... Glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway—it does not require oxygen 1.The TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is aerobic. When oxygen is abundant, cells prefer to combine these pathways in aerobic ...
Exam #3 Review Exam #3 will cover from glycolysis to complex
... I. Metabolism (the pathways) - *Note these are for aerobic growth in chemoheterotrophs (remember that these use an organic carbon source for energy and carbon) A. Glycolysis (The Embden Meyerhoff pathway) (“the splitting of something sweet”) - glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is converted into two, t ...
... I. Metabolism (the pathways) - *Note these are for aerobic growth in chemoheterotrophs (remember that these use an organic carbon source for energy and carbon) A. Glycolysis (The Embden Meyerhoff pathway) (“the splitting of something sweet”) - glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is converted into two, t ...
Biochemistry 6/e
... Cytoplasmic NADH produced in glycolysis can enter to mitochondria by shuttles glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase in glycolysis ...
... Cytoplasmic NADH produced in glycolysis can enter to mitochondria by shuttles glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase in glycolysis ...
Citric acid cycle
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Occurs in all eukaryotes and some bacteria • Glycolysis occurs in cytosol of ALL cells • The rest of respiration occurs in ...
... • Occurs in all eukaryotes and some bacteria • Glycolysis occurs in cytosol of ALL cells • The rest of respiration occurs in ...
ENZYMOLOGY
... of covalent intermediates in enzyme-mediated reactions is striking proof of ES complexes. These intermediates are not just simple Michaelis complexes, though they are formed by the covalent reaction of a portion of the substrate molecule with a reactive group present in the enzyme. The side chains o ...
... of covalent intermediates in enzyme-mediated reactions is striking proof of ES complexes. These intermediates are not just simple Michaelis complexes, though they are formed by the covalent reaction of a portion of the substrate molecule with a reactive group present in the enzyme. The side chains o ...
File
... It corresponds to the amount of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of one micromole (mol) of substrate to product per minute ...
... It corresponds to the amount of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of one micromole (mol) of substrate to product per minute ...
1 2 Resp iratio n : Gly co lysis: TC A -cy cle
... PTS-sugars are superior to other sugar substrates in sustaining rapid growth. In other bacterial species other sugars can be transported by the PTS-system. The PTS-system is abundant in anaerobic as well as facultative bacteria. Strictly aerobic bacteria use predominantly hexokinase for phosphorylat ...
... PTS-sugars are superior to other sugar substrates in sustaining rapid growth. In other bacterial species other sugars can be transported by the PTS-system. The PTS-system is abundant in anaerobic as well as facultative bacteria. Strictly aerobic bacteria use predominantly hexokinase for phosphorylat ...
Enzymes -2.Properties, claasification and theories of action (1)
... • Enzymes are highly specific and interact with specific substrates with specific functional groups • Other substrates would not fit into their active sites • It catalyzes only one type of chemical reaction • The set of enzymes present in a cell determines which type of reaction will occur in that c ...
... • Enzymes are highly specific and interact with specific substrates with specific functional groups • Other substrates would not fit into their active sites • It catalyzes only one type of chemical reaction • The set of enzymes present in a cell determines which type of reaction will occur in that c ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.