CITRIC ACID (KREB`S, TCA) CYCLE
... the citric acid cycle at several points. This is important because electrical stimulation of the muscle causes an increase in intracellular calcium levels. Thus, during exercise the citric acid cycle will be maximally stimulated in muscle. The regulation of the citric acid cycle is summarized below. ...
... the citric acid cycle at several points. This is important because electrical stimulation of the muscle causes an increase in intracellular calcium levels. Thus, during exercise the citric acid cycle will be maximally stimulated in muscle. The regulation of the citric acid cycle is summarized below. ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. • In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent, not O2. • Some energy from this oxidation produces 2 ATP (net). • If oxyge ...
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. • In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent, not O2. • Some energy from this oxidation produces 2 ATP (net). • If oxyge ...
QUIZ #4 LIPID STRUCTURES AND METABOLISM
... You have two 6-carbon compounds; one is glucose and the other is caproic acid (6:0). If both are complexely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, what is the ratio of their potential maximum ATPs generated? a. Glucose yields 38 ATP where as caproic acid yields 28 ATP b. Glucose yields 28 ATP where as caproic aci ...
... You have two 6-carbon compounds; one is glucose and the other is caproic acid (6:0). If both are complexely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, what is the ratio of their potential maximum ATPs generated? a. Glucose yields 38 ATP where as caproic acid yields 28 ATP b. Glucose yields 28 ATP where as caproic aci ...
Related Metabolic Processes
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. • In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent, not O2. • Some energy from this oxidation produces 2 ATP (net). • If oxyge ...
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. • In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent, not O2. • Some energy from this oxidation produces 2 ATP (net). • If oxyge ...
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION
... EXAM TIP: When answering questions on enzymes, always use the words ‘enzyme-substrate complex’ and ‘active site’, worth 1 mark. ...
... EXAM TIP: When answering questions on enzymes, always use the words ‘enzyme-substrate complex’ and ‘active site’, worth 1 mark. ...
Enzymes are Catalysts - nxc technologies, inc.
... range. They are also very selective in the reactions they take place in and often will react only with a single molecule or certain molecule types. An example of an enzyme as a catalyst in a reaction – digestion. Enzymes act in the break down of large protein, starch and fat molecules into smaller m ...
... range. They are also very selective in the reactions they take place in and often will react only with a single molecule or certain molecule types. An example of an enzyme as a catalyst in a reaction – digestion. Enzymes act in the break down of large protein, starch and fat molecules into smaller m ...
electron transport chain
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Energy Conversion Pathways 1. Substrate level phosphorylation
... Normally, animals eat every day which provides fuel for thermoregulation and ATP synthesis. Hibernating animals are dependent on stored fat for energy to keep cells alive and on thermongenin-mediated futile cycling to create sufficient thermoregulation. 33. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is requi ...
... Normally, animals eat every day which provides fuel for thermoregulation and ATP synthesis. Hibernating animals are dependent on stored fat for energy to keep cells alive and on thermongenin-mediated futile cycling to create sufficient thermoregulation. 33. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is requi ...
Chapter 9 Presentation
... • About 36 to 38 ATPs are produced by the complete oxidation of glucose. • There are three main reasons why we cannot put an exact number on this. ...
... • About 36 to 38 ATPs are produced by the complete oxidation of glucose. • There are three main reasons why we cannot put an exact number on this. ...
1 glucose 2 molecules acetyl CoA
... Electron Transport Chain • In the folds or cristae of the mitochondria are molecules that serve as electron transporters. – Include FMN, coenzyme Q, and several cytochromes – These accept electrons from NADH and FADH2. The hydrogens are not transported, however. – Oxidized FAD and NAD are reused. ...
... Electron Transport Chain • In the folds or cristae of the mitochondria are molecules that serve as electron transporters. – Include FMN, coenzyme Q, and several cytochromes – These accept electrons from NADH and FADH2. The hydrogens are not transported, however. – Oxidized FAD and NAD are reused. ...
Final Exam - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... time limit is 5 hours. Please indicate on your exam when you began the exam and when you ended the exam (also indicating if/when you took a break during the exam). If you run out of time, please indicate which questions you completed after the time limit was reached and you can still receive half cr ...
... time limit is 5 hours. Please indicate on your exam when you began the exam and when you ended the exam (also indicating if/when you took a break during the exam). If you run out of time, please indicate which questions you completed after the time limit was reached and you can still receive half cr ...
Chapter 7 – Cellular Respiration
... Phases of aerobic cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition or Acetyl-CoA reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport system These phases are nothing more than metabolic reactions involving the conversion of glucose & other molecules into carbon dioxide & water The resulting energy released ...
... Phases of aerobic cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition or Acetyl-CoA reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport system These phases are nothing more than metabolic reactions involving the conversion of glucose & other molecules into carbon dioxide & water The resulting energy released ...
Lecture 19
... triacylglycerols. •Isozymes: enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded by different genes and have different kinetic of regulatory properties. •Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): type M [skeletal muscle and liver] participates in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate (using NADH) while type H ...
... triacylglycerols. •Isozymes: enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded by different genes and have different kinetic of regulatory properties. •Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): type M [skeletal muscle and liver] participates in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate (using NADH) while type H ...
Enzymes are NOT reactants!
... [Factors affecting enzyme activity] a) Temperature: Higher temperatures cause more collisions among molecules Therefore, increased likelihood that a substrate will collide with an active site and a reaction will take place A temperature that is too high disrupts hydrogen bonds and alters prot ...
... [Factors affecting enzyme activity] a) Temperature: Higher temperatures cause more collisions among molecules Therefore, increased likelihood that a substrate will collide with an active site and a reaction will take place A temperature that is too high disrupts hydrogen bonds and alters prot ...
CH 2
... the 2’-position of the ribose ring of the adenine nucleotide. Just as NADH, the molecule consists of two nucleotides (heterocyclic, aromatic base attached to a ribose sugar at carbon-1 attached to a phosphate at carbon-5) attached to one another by a phosphoanhydride bond linking their 5’-phosphates ...
... the 2’-position of the ribose ring of the adenine nucleotide. Just as NADH, the molecule consists of two nucleotides (heterocyclic, aromatic base attached to a ribose sugar at carbon-1 attached to a phosphate at carbon-5) attached to one another by a phosphoanhydride bond linking their 5’-phosphates ...
respiration_how cell..
... converted to acetylCoA. Coenzyme A (CoA) is a large molecule (and a vitamin) that acts as a coenzyme. The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidation-reduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NADH. The three carbon pyruvate is split int ...
... converted to acetylCoA. Coenzyme A (CoA) is a large molecule (and a vitamin) that acts as a coenzyme. The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidation-reduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NADH. The three carbon pyruvate is split int ...
Rate Law in Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
... Oxidoreductases catalyze the transfer of hydrogen atoms and electrons Example - Lactate Dehydrogenase Transferases catalyze the transfer of functional groups from donors to acceptors Example - Alanine aminotransferase Hydrolases catalyze the cleavage of bonds by the addition of water (hydrolysis) E ...
... Oxidoreductases catalyze the transfer of hydrogen atoms and electrons Example - Lactate Dehydrogenase Transferases catalyze the transfer of functional groups from donors to acceptors Example - Alanine aminotransferase Hydrolases catalyze the cleavage of bonds by the addition of water (hydrolysis) E ...
Student notes in ppt
... When blood glucose levels are high, both hexokinase I and glucokinase are active in liver cells, whereas, other tissues only have hexokinase 1 and their ability to take up glucose after a meal is unchanged. Since phosphorylation traps glucose inside cells, and reaction 1 of glycolysis (same reaction ...
... When blood glucose levels are high, both hexokinase I and glucokinase are active in liver cells, whereas, other tissues only have hexokinase 1 and their ability to take up glucose after a meal is unchanged. Since phosphorylation traps glucose inside cells, and reaction 1 of glycolysis (same reaction ...
Available
... is coupled to the formation of NADH. In addition, when fumarate is converted back to aspartate, the malate dehydrogenase reaction used to convert malate to oxaloacetate generates a mole of NADH. These two moles of NADH, thus, are oxidized in the mitochondria yielding 6 moles of ATP. ...
... is coupled to the formation of NADH. In addition, when fumarate is converted back to aspartate, the malate dehydrogenase reaction used to convert malate to oxaloacetate generates a mole of NADH. These two moles of NADH, thus, are oxidized in the mitochondria yielding 6 moles of ATP. ...
Gluconeogenesis
... glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 2 H + By contrast, the stoichiometry for conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis is: glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P i + 2NAD + Õ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2 O In cycling from glucose to pyruvate to glucose in the Cori cycle, four high-energy phosphate ...
... glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 2 H + By contrast, the stoichiometry for conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis is: glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P i + 2NAD + Õ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2 O In cycling from glucose to pyruvate to glucose in the Cori cycle, four high-energy phosphate ...
Water soluble Vit. Vit C: (Ascorbic Acid)
... ,,vegetable diet lack this vit.. Alcoholism is an important precipitating factor for niacin deficiency . ...
... ,,vegetable diet lack this vit.. Alcoholism is an important precipitating factor for niacin deficiency . ...
Exam 2
... e. The γ-subunit of ATP synthase has a slightly bent long helix structure. 21. The followings are some descriptions of enzymes in the citric acid cycle. a. In a reaction, A + B → C, the enzyme name is "C synthetase" if an ATP hydrolysis energy is used for the synthesis. b. Excess of acetyl-CoA is co ...
... e. The γ-subunit of ATP synthase has a slightly bent long helix structure. 21. The followings are some descriptions of enzymes in the citric acid cycle. a. In a reaction, A + B → C, the enzyme name is "C synthetase" if an ATP hydrolysis energy is used for the synthesis. b. Excess of acetyl-CoA is co ...
5. TCA Cycle
... Looking back at glycolysis Glucose + 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O ...
... Looking back at glycolysis Glucose + 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O ...
Chapter 9 - John A. Ferguson Senior High School
... eHow are these electrons Energy transferred to oxygen? • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, an electron-acceptor coenzyme found in cells • Electrons are carried in the form of high energy hydride ions: ...
... eHow are these electrons Energy transferred to oxygen? • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, an electron-acceptor coenzyme found in cells • Electrons are carried in the form of high energy hydride ions: ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose from a 6 carbon molecule into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each). This produces a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm of a cell. ...
... Glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose from a 6 carbon molecule into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each). This produces a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm of a cell. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.