Enzymes - CEA Workshop Teacher Notes.pptx
... to assist enzyme acJvity • A coenzyme will bind to a protein to form an acJve enzyme • Coenzymes osen help by carrying a group of atoms to the acJve site which are then transferred to the su ...
... to assist enzyme acJvity • A coenzyme will bind to a protein to form an acJve enzyme • Coenzymes osen help by carrying a group of atoms to the acJve site which are then transferred to the su ...
Lifeline Week 6 Follow-Along Sheet Cellular Respiration
... Within the ETC, electrons are passed along the _________ membrane of the mitochondria by transport proteins. H+ ions move across the membrane, creating a __________________________. This proton gradient creates a __________________________________ across the membrane. This separation of charge is ha ...
... Within the ETC, electrons are passed along the _________ membrane of the mitochondria by transport proteins. H+ ions move across the membrane, creating a __________________________. This proton gradient creates a __________________________________ across the membrane. This separation of charge is ha ...
Metabolism: Introduction
... The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidationof fuel molecules: ...
... The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidationof fuel molecules: ...
The Photosynthetic Dark Reactions Do Not Operate
... plants fix CO2 in the dark using PEP carboxylase. Like C4 plants, CO2 is generated in the light when the stomata are closed and is fixed by the C3 pathway. What C3, C4 and CAM plants have in common is the Calvin cycle C3 carbon fixing pathway that only operates in the light. The idea that the Calvin ...
... plants fix CO2 in the dark using PEP carboxylase. Like C4 plants, CO2 is generated in the light when the stomata are closed and is fixed by the C3 pathway. What C3, C4 and CAM plants have in common is the Calvin cycle C3 carbon fixing pathway that only operates in the light. The idea that the Calvin ...
Document
... Electron transport system • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP from products of glycolysis, Krebs. • Electron transport chain = protein complexes with prosthetic groups in/on inner mitochondrial membrane. (Some groups are able to move! E.g. Cyt C) • ETC facilitates s ...
... Electron transport system • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP from products of glycolysis, Krebs. • Electron transport chain = protein complexes with prosthetic groups in/on inner mitochondrial membrane. (Some groups are able to move! E.g. Cyt C) • ETC facilitates s ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy In eukaryotes, cellular respiration
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of ...
10B-Oxidation and Ketone bodies
... higher organism single polypeptide called fatty acid synthase. (while in F.A degradation are bonded to CoA) 3-the growing F.A is elongated by sequential addition of 2-carbon units. 4-the reductant in fatty acid synthesis is NADPH, while the oxidant in F.A degradation are NAD+, FAD 5-elongation of F. ...
... higher organism single polypeptide called fatty acid synthase. (while in F.A degradation are bonded to CoA) 3-the growing F.A is elongated by sequential addition of 2-carbon units. 4-the reductant in fatty acid synthesis is NADPH, while the oxidant in F.A degradation are NAD+, FAD 5-elongation of F. ...
3 - IBperiod5
... C 2.4 Explain the difference between competitive and non competitive inhibition, with reference to one example of each. Competitive inhibition is the situation where an inhibiting molecule that is structurally similar to the substrate molecule binds to the active site, preventing further substrate ...
... C 2.4 Explain the difference between competitive and non competitive inhibition, with reference to one example of each. Competitive inhibition is the situation where an inhibiting molecule that is structurally similar to the substrate molecule binds to the active site, preventing further substrate ...
Biological Oxidation
... has a long isoprenoid tail (50 carbons in mammals) which anchors it to the mitochondrial membrane in the case of the mobile form: ...
... has a long isoprenoid tail (50 carbons in mammals) which anchors it to the mitochondrial membrane in the case of the mobile form: ...
Avrama Blackwell George Mason University
... Addmsg pool1 rxn1 SUBSTRATE Conc Addmsg pool2 rxn1 SUBSTRATE Conc Addmsg pool3 rxn1 PRODUCT Conc Addmsg rxn1 pool1 RXN2 kbprod kfsubs ...
... Addmsg pool1 rxn1 SUBSTRATE Conc Addmsg pool2 rxn1 SUBSTRATE Conc Addmsg pool3 rxn1 PRODUCT Conc Addmsg rxn1 pool1 RXN2 kbprod kfsubs ...
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
... Why the Hang-Over Enzyme? - General Information on ADH and questions answered! • Alcohol Dehydrogenase belongs to the oxidoreductase family of enzymes • ADH is found in high concentrations within the human liver and kidney • The primary and most common role of ADH in humans is to detoxify incoming ...
... Why the Hang-Over Enzyme? - General Information on ADH and questions answered! • Alcohol Dehydrogenase belongs to the oxidoreductase family of enzymes • ADH is found in high concentrations within the human liver and kidney • The primary and most common role of ADH in humans is to detoxify incoming ...
Respiration
... The outermembrane of the mitochondrial envelop is to establish an isolated environment for the mitochondrion. This membrane also adjusts the metabolites entering and leaving the mitochondrion. The inner membrane is folded up a lot to increase the surface area for attachment of ETC. These infolds are ...
... The outermembrane of the mitochondrial envelop is to establish an isolated environment for the mitochondrion. This membrane also adjusts the metabolites entering and leaving the mitochondrion. The inner membrane is folded up a lot to increase the surface area for attachment of ETC. These infolds are ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Occurs in cytoplasm ATP is formed Does not utilize oxygen ...
... Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Occurs in cytoplasm ATP is formed Does not utilize oxygen ...
Cell Respiration Notes
... Skips Citric Acid cycle & ETC (NO oxygen) In muscle cells this is Lactic Acid fermentation (when muscles get tired, not enough oxygen) ...
... Skips Citric Acid cycle & ETC (NO oxygen) In muscle cells this is Lactic Acid fermentation (when muscles get tired, not enough oxygen) ...
Pass Back Graded Work!
... Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric acid can be used to make good “natural” cleaners, though some may still contain chemicals ...
... Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric acid can be used to make good “natural” cleaners, though some may still contain chemicals ...
ENZYMES A CATALYST is a substance that speeds up a chemical
... A CATALYST is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of ACTIVATION ENERGY needed to start that reaction. ENZYMES are the biological molecules (proteins or RNA) that act as catalysts in a living organism. The seemingly simple act of breaking down food molecules to relea ...
... A CATALYST is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of ACTIVATION ENERGY needed to start that reaction. ENZYMES are the biological molecules (proteins or RNA) that act as catalysts in a living organism. The seemingly simple act of breaking down food molecules to relea ...
Chapter 1: Prelude
... Membranes are bimolecular sheets with a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic moiety, consisting mainly of lipids and proteins, to which carbohydrates are linked. The hydrophilic unit of a single sheet is built by polar head groups, carbon tails serve as hydrophobic unit. The two sheets are noncovalent asse ...
... Membranes are bimolecular sheets with a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic moiety, consisting mainly of lipids and proteins, to which carbohydrates are linked. The hydrophilic unit of a single sheet is built by polar head groups, carbon tails serve as hydrophobic unit. The two sheets are noncovalent asse ...
CHAPTER 6
... Coenzyme A (vitamin B5, pantothenic acid) The two main functions of Co A are: 1. Activation of acyl groups for transfer by nucleophilic attack 2. Activation of the α-hydrogen of the acyl group for abstraction as a proton • The reactive sulfhydryl group on CoA mediates both of these functions. • The ...
... Coenzyme A (vitamin B5, pantothenic acid) The two main functions of Co A are: 1. Activation of acyl groups for transfer by nucleophilic attack 2. Activation of the α-hydrogen of the acyl group for abstraction as a proton • The reactive sulfhydryl group on CoA mediates both of these functions. • The ...
SMU-DDE-Assignments-Scheme of Evaluation PROGRAM Bachelor
... biologically non-metabolized compound that can be released in the breath. The equilibrium between acetoacetate and 3hydroxybutyrate is determined by the NAD+/NADH ratio. Because this ratio is low during fatty acid oxidation, 3hydroxybutyrate synthesis is favored. Utilization of ketone bodies: 3-hy ...
... biologically non-metabolized compound that can be released in the breath. The equilibrium between acetoacetate and 3hydroxybutyrate is determined by the NAD+/NADH ratio. Because this ratio is low during fatty acid oxidation, 3hydroxybutyrate synthesis is favored. Utilization of ketone bodies: 3-hy ...
TCA (Krebs) Cycle
... ©Copyright 1999-2004 by Gene C. Lavers No part of this presentation may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without wr ...
... ©Copyright 1999-2004 by Gene C. Lavers No part of this presentation may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without wr ...
metabolism - anatomymodelimages
... 2. Components – of the electron transfer chain; proteins bound to metal ions -a. Flavins – flavin mononucleotide (FMN); from riboflavin (B2); to protein -b. Cytochoromes – iron containing pigments; mostly 3. Respiratory enzyme complex – three of them; grouped together -a. Coenzyme oxidation – hydrog ...
... 2. Components – of the electron transfer chain; proteins bound to metal ions -a. Flavins – flavin mononucleotide (FMN); from riboflavin (B2); to protein -b. Cytochoromes – iron containing pigments; mostly 3. Respiratory enzyme complex – three of them; grouped together -a. Coenzyme oxidation – hydrog ...
oxidize
... • As these electrons are transferred from one substance to another, energy is transferred as well. • Recall that electrons have energy!!!! • Think of these electrons as moving packets of energy as they oxidize substances they leave and reduce ...
... • As these electrons are transferred from one substance to another, energy is transferred as well. • Recall that electrons have energy!!!! • Think of these electrons as moving packets of energy as they oxidize substances they leave and reduce ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.