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... generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
... generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
Cellular Respiration Review
... Organisms obtain energy in a process called (a) cellular respiration. This process harvests electrons from carbon compounds, such as (b)glucose, and uses that energy to make (c)ATP. ATP is used to provide (d)energy for cells to do work. In (e)_glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Glycol ...
... Organisms obtain energy in a process called (a) cellular respiration. This process harvests electrons from carbon compounds, such as (b)glucose, and uses that energy to make (c)ATP. ATP is used to provide (d)energy for cells to do work. In (e)_glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Glycol ...
userfiles/153/my files/09_lecture_presentation 2015?id=1069
... acetaldehyde) acts as a final electron acceptor In cellular respiration electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... acetaldehyde) acts as a final electron acceptor In cellular respiration electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Chapter 3 → Bioenergetics Introduction Cell Structure
... Classification of Enzymes • Oxidoreductases – Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions • Transferases – Transfer elements of one molecule to another • Hydrolases – Cleave bonds by adding water • Lyases – Groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or added to a double bond ...
... Classification of Enzymes • Oxidoreductases – Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions • Transferases – Transfer elements of one molecule to another • Hydrolases – Cleave bonds by adding water • Lyases – Groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or added to a double bond ...
Lactic Acid Fermentation vs. Alcoholic Fermentation
... Lactic acid fermentation is a biological process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate. There are several uses of this type of fermentation, one of them to produce ...
... Lactic acid fermentation is a biological process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate. There are several uses of this type of fermentation, one of them to produce ...
Citric Acid Cycle Overview
... happens in the cytosol • Acetyl‐CoA cannot get across the mitochondrial membrane • At cost of 2 ATP, acetyl‐CoA gets across membrane in citrate form ...
... happens in the cytosol • Acetyl‐CoA cannot get across the mitochondrial membrane • At cost of 2 ATP, acetyl‐CoA gets across membrane in citrate form ...
chapter9_powerpoint
... Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed gly ...
... Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed gly ...
Practice photosynthesis/Respiration
... 54) In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules? A) concentrate photons within the stroma B) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll C) synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH E) harvest photon ...
... 54) In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules? A) concentrate photons within the stroma B) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll C) synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH E) harvest photon ...
Notes - Learner
... Further processing of pyruvate depends on the aerobic or anaerobic nature of an organism. In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is further processed to produce either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. There is incomplete oxidation of glucose in anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is fur ...
... Further processing of pyruvate depends on the aerobic or anaerobic nature of an organism. In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is further processed to produce either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. There is incomplete oxidation of glucose in anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is fur ...
electron transport chain
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Chapter 6 Notes
... dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). – CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves. – H2O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s ...
... dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). – CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves. – H2O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s ...
how cells obtain energy from food
... section we trace the major steps in the breakdor.tm,or catabolism, of sugarsand show how they produce ATB NADH, and other activated carrier molecules in animal cells. A very similar pathway also operates in plants, fungi, and many bacteria. As we shall see, the oxidation of fatty acids is equally im ...
... section we trace the major steps in the breakdor.tm,or catabolism, of sugarsand show how they produce ATB NADH, and other activated carrier molecules in animal cells. A very similar pathway also operates in plants, fungi, and many bacteria. As we shall see, the oxidation of fatty acids is equally im ...
Enzymes
... • Residues in catalytic site conserved in enzyme families (e.g. Serine Proteases) • Residues for peptide bond cleavage in all Serine Protease enzymes – Serine – Histidine ...
... • Residues in catalytic site conserved in enzyme families (e.g. Serine Proteases) • Residues for peptide bond cleavage in all Serine Protease enzymes – Serine – Histidine ...
lecture_22 - WordPress.com
... Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: an enzyme similar to succinate dehydrogenase ...
... Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: an enzyme similar to succinate dehydrogenase ...
supporting information
... energy is 1/4 ATP, Vi is the producing rate of metabolic acid, mol/(L·h); Diff AH is the transport rate coefficient, L/(molx·h); CAH,e and CAH,i are the concentrations of undissociated organic acid, mol/L; X is the concentration of biomass, equal to (CGlucose * Yxs), molx/L. CGlucose is the glucose ...
... energy is 1/4 ATP, Vi is the producing rate of metabolic acid, mol/(L·h); Diff AH is the transport rate coefficient, L/(molx·h); CAH,e and CAH,i are the concentrations of undissociated organic acid, mol/L; X is the concentration of biomass, equal to (CGlucose * Yxs), molx/L. CGlucose is the glucose ...
Lecture 4 Enzymes Catalytic proteins Enzymes Enzymes Enzymes
... – Composed of protein (apoenzyme)+ a simple small organic molecule (cofactor or prosthetic group) ...
... – Composed of protein (apoenzyme)+ a simple small organic molecule (cofactor or prosthetic group) ...
on the enzyme
... (2)H20 (water vapor) O2 + (2)H2 Will release a lot of energy as HEAT, light, or sound Example: explosions ...
... (2)H20 (water vapor) O2 + (2)H2 Will release a lot of energy as HEAT, light, or sound Example: explosions ...
Functions of Antioxidant Vitamins against Lipid Peroxidation
... carbohydrates and lipids. These deleterious reactions are controlled in part by antioxidants that eliminate ROS and scavenge free radicals. This review describes the functions of antioxidant vitamins and their co-operative action against lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of carotenoids is ...
... carbohydrates and lipids. These deleterious reactions are controlled in part by antioxidants that eliminate ROS and scavenge free radicals. This review describes the functions of antioxidant vitamins and their co-operative action against lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of carotenoids is ...
Enzymes - كنانة أونلاين
... 2,500 residues in the animal fatty acid synthase. The activities of enzymes are determined by their three-dimensional structure Most enzymes are much larger than the substrates they act on, and only a small portion of the enzyme (around 3–4 amino acids) is directly involved in catalysis. ...
... 2,500 residues in the animal fatty acid synthase. The activities of enzymes are determined by their three-dimensional structure Most enzymes are much larger than the substrates they act on, and only a small portion of the enzyme (around 3–4 amino acids) is directly involved in catalysis. ...
Final Answer Key
... a) What type of reaction does the coenzyme NAD+ help facilitate? Please be specific (type of functional groups or compounds and give a specific reaction name. ...
... a) What type of reaction does the coenzyme NAD+ help facilitate? Please be specific (type of functional groups or compounds and give a specific reaction name. ...
Lecture 27
... excreted. This results in increase in Glu through transamination reactions. Excess Glu causes an increase in N-acetylglutamate which stimulates CPS I causing increases in urea cycle. ...
... excreted. This results in increase in Glu through transamination reactions. Excess Glu causes an increase in N-acetylglutamate which stimulates CPS I causing increases in urea cycle. ...
Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis
... its isomers. (This change from phosphoglucose to phosphofructose allows the eventual split of the sugar into two three-carbon molecules.). Step 3. The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy p ...
... its isomers. (This change from phosphoglucose to phosphofructose allows the eventual split of the sugar into two three-carbon molecules.). Step 3. The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy p ...
Evolution & organisation of metabolic Pathways
... Reasons to delineate reserve, distinct from structure • metabolic memory • biomass composition depends on growth rate • explanation of respiration patterns (freshly laid eggs don’t respire) method of indirect calorimetry fluxes are linear sums of assimilation, dissipation and growth inter-species bo ...
... Reasons to delineate reserve, distinct from structure • metabolic memory • biomass composition depends on growth rate • explanation of respiration patterns (freshly laid eggs don’t respire) method of indirect calorimetry fluxes are linear sums of assimilation, dissipation and growth inter-species bo ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.