Review session for exam-I
... molecules of ATP are used initially (Phase I) and ____ molecules of ATP are produced (Phase II) for an overall yield of ___ molecules of ATP/glucose. The "ATP math" is: ...
... molecules of ATP are used initially (Phase I) and ____ molecules of ATP are produced (Phase II) for an overall yield of ___ molecules of ATP/glucose. The "ATP math" is: ...
Introduction to Metabolism
... Which of the following is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle? A) Acetyl-CoA B) Citrate C) Oxaloacetate D) Succinyl-CoA E) α-Ketoglutarate In mammals, each of the following occurs during the citric acid cycle except: A) formation of α-ketoglutarate. B) generation of NADH and FADH2. C) metab ...
... Which of the following is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle? A) Acetyl-CoA B) Citrate C) Oxaloacetate D) Succinyl-CoA E) α-Ketoglutarate In mammals, each of the following occurs during the citric acid cycle except: A) formation of α-ketoglutarate. B) generation of NADH and FADH2. C) metab ...
![Glycolysis [Compatibility Mode]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/015804080_1-177318d0ac1e37e7516326c4d927443b-300x300.png)
Glycolysis [Compatibility Mode]
... 10 Steps of Glycolysis Step -1 The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate. ...
... 10 Steps of Glycolysis Step -1 The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate. ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis
... its isomers. (This change from phosphoglucose to phosphofructose allows the eventual split of the sugar into two three-carbon molecules.). Step 3. The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy p ...
... its isomers. (This change from phosphoglucose to phosphofructose allows the eventual split of the sugar into two three-carbon molecules.). Step 3. The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy p ...
Ch.5-Cellular Respiration
... •Glycolysis is not efficient Transfers 2.2 % of available energy in glucose to ATP Some is released as heat Most E remains in 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH Some unicellular microorganisms use glycolysis for ...
... •Glycolysis is not efficient Transfers 2.2 % of available energy in glucose to ATP Some is released as heat Most E remains in 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH Some unicellular microorganisms use glycolysis for ...
Overview - Howell Service Corporation
... An example of a success story is the change in the formulation of detergents that are composed of branching chemical structures to ones that have straight chemical chains, which are more easily biodegraded by microorganisms. Bacteria, Not Enzymes Bacteria are not enzymes. Like all living cells, bact ...
... An example of a success story is the change in the formulation of detergents that are composed of branching chemical structures to ones that have straight chemical chains, which are more easily biodegraded by microorganisms. Bacteria, Not Enzymes Bacteria are not enzymes. Like all living cells, bact ...
Details of the scope analysis for each organism
... intermediate in the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A. N-((R)-4-Phosphopantothenoyl)-Lcysteine is formed from L-cysteine and D-4'-phosphopantothenate. The biosynthesis of L-cysteine requires Coenzyme A (Additional Fig. S4), consequently the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A is autocatalytic. The set of autocataly ...
... intermediate in the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A. N-((R)-4-Phosphopantothenoyl)-Lcysteine is formed from L-cysteine and D-4'-phosphopantothenate. The biosynthesis of L-cysteine requires Coenzyme A (Additional Fig. S4), consequently the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A is autocatalytic. The set of autocataly ...
Cellular Respiration #2
... o Which cellular compound(s) would the charged batteries represent? o The discharged batteries? 15. How does the discharged battery get ...
... o Which cellular compound(s) would the charged batteries represent? o The discharged batteries? 15. How does the discharged battery get ...
ENZYME: an essential catalyst
... • An enzyme's name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes, with the word ending in -ase. Examples are lactase, alcohol dehydrogenase and DNA polymerase. • This may result in different enzymes, called isozymes, with the same function having the same basic name. Isoe ...
... • An enzyme's name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes, with the word ending in -ase. Examples are lactase, alcohol dehydrogenase and DNA polymerase. • This may result in different enzymes, called isozymes, with the same function having the same basic name. Isoe ...
video slide
... Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
Chapter 29 The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways
... Enzymes can cut kinetic barriers only Combining the reaction with an exergonic process (hydrolysis of ATP) converts the energetics of the total process The endergonic reaction is "coupled" to an energetically favorable reaction so that the overall free-energy change for the two reactions toget ...
... Enzymes can cut kinetic barriers only Combining the reaction with an exergonic process (hydrolysis of ATP) converts the energetics of the total process The endergonic reaction is "coupled" to an energetically favorable reaction so that the overall free-energy change for the two reactions toget ...
Document
... a. Energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membrane b. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase c. A concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondr ...
... a. Energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membrane b. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase c. A concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondr ...
video slide - Somerset Area School District
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Lecture # 7 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... phosphorylated form of NADH. In general, with some exceptions, NADH is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. NADPH is used where reducing potential is required for synthetic reactions. ...
... phosphorylated form of NADH. In general, with some exceptions, NADH is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. NADPH is used where reducing potential is required for synthetic reactions. ...
Introduction Fatty acid biosynthesis is one of the most
... rationalize and even predict the triclosan sensistivity/resistance (see Panel 2,3,4). However, Vibrio ssp represent a case of an open problem. None of them have strong candidates for FabI, although they contain several p aralogs with relatively low scores. M ost of the species in this group (except ...
... rationalize and even predict the triclosan sensistivity/resistance (see Panel 2,3,4). However, Vibrio ssp represent a case of an open problem. None of them have strong candidates for FabI, although they contain several p aralogs with relatively low scores. M ost of the species in this group (except ...
4.6 Fermentation
... are removed from NADH to create NAD+ molecules – Does not make ATP – Instead, the purpose of fermentation is to allow glycolysis to continue ...
... are removed from NADH to create NAD+ molecules – Does not make ATP – Instead, the purpose of fermentation is to allow glycolysis to continue ...
PAGES 1-41 INCL. 1. Overview (a) discovery of enzymes (b
... - group specific enzymes can use a variety of substrates, each containing a certain functional group which is modified - absolute specificity utilize only one substrate (or specific pair) in one reaction 2.(a) What is a catalyst? - any molecule that increases the speed (or rate) of a chemical reacti ...
... - group specific enzymes can use a variety of substrates, each containing a certain functional group which is modified - absolute specificity utilize only one substrate (or specific pair) in one reaction 2.(a) What is a catalyst? - any molecule that increases the speed (or rate) of a chemical reacti ...
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 P Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4
... activity. Fats are used for lower – intensity exercise. Glycogen stores are finite, and inevitably become depleted during long continuous exercise lasting in excess of 70-92 minutes (the more intensive the exercise, the quicker the glycogen is depleted). This applies not only to endurance events, su ...
... activity. Fats are used for lower – intensity exercise. Glycogen stores are finite, and inevitably become depleted during long continuous exercise lasting in excess of 70-92 minutes (the more intensive the exercise, the quicker the glycogen is depleted). This applies not only to endurance events, su ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Digestive Enzymes - Goshen Cancer Survivor Network
... Curcumin, which is the source of the yellow/gold color in turmeric (Curcuma longa) also possesses enzymatic activity. The anti-inflammatory properties have been found to equal the effects of some of the more traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) in acute conditions. It is ...
... Curcumin, which is the source of the yellow/gold color in turmeric (Curcuma longa) also possesses enzymatic activity. The anti-inflammatory properties have been found to equal the effects of some of the more traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) in acute conditions. It is ...
Gibbs Free Energy Changes for the Glycolytic Enzymes
... amount of citrate is indicative of the TCA cycle activity. When the citrate concentration is high, the cell is actively metabolizing other fuel sources (like fatty acids) , so glucose is conserved by inhibiting glycolysis. Step 4: Splitting of six-carbon compound into two three-carbon compounds (pho ...
... amount of citrate is indicative of the TCA cycle activity. When the citrate concentration is high, the cell is actively metabolizing other fuel sources (like fatty acids) , so glucose is conserved by inhibiting glycolysis. Step 4: Splitting of six-carbon compound into two three-carbon compounds (pho ...
PHARMACY BIOMEDICAL PREVIEW PROGRAM 2014
... Bridging the Gap: From Glycolysis to TCA Cycle • Recall that the final molecule produced by the glycolysis pathway is pyruvate and that the primary fuel of the citric acid cycle is acetyl-CoA. ...
... Bridging the Gap: From Glycolysis to TCA Cycle • Recall that the final molecule produced by the glycolysis pathway is pyruvate and that the primary fuel of the citric acid cycle is acetyl-CoA. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.