Hexose MonoPhosphate (HMP) shunt pathway
... pathway, and therefore acts as a connection route between different pathways. NADPH plays two critical roles in red blood cells, both of these roles are related to the oxygen-transport function of the red blood cell. The first role is related to glutathione: erythrocytes require NADPH to maintain t ...
... pathway, and therefore acts as a connection route between different pathways. NADPH plays two critical roles in red blood cells, both of these roles are related to the oxygen-transport function of the red blood cell. The first role is related to glutathione: erythrocytes require NADPH to maintain t ...
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
... ! Details of ETC: The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. • The electron transport chain uses NADH and to make ATP. – high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain – energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane – hydrogen ions ...
... ! Details of ETC: The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. • The electron transport chain uses NADH and to make ATP. – high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain – energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane – hydrogen ions ...
Hexose MonoPhosphate (HMP) shunt pathway
... pathway, and therefore acts as a connection route between different pathways. NADPH plays two critical roles in red blood cells, both of these roles are related to the oxygen-transport function of the red blood cell. The first role is related to glutathione: erythrocytes require NADPH to maintain t ...
... pathway, and therefore acts as a connection route between different pathways. NADPH plays two critical roles in red blood cells, both of these roles are related to the oxygen-transport function of the red blood cell. The first role is related to glutathione: erythrocytes require NADPH to maintain t ...
eprint_1_29837_493
... in very small amounts in various cells . Almost all the functions of the body such as digestion , breathing , synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates m fats and proteins are catalysed and controlled by specific enzymes . Most chemical reactions of the living cells would have occurred very slowly ha ...
... in very small amounts in various cells . Almost all the functions of the body such as digestion , breathing , synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates m fats and proteins are catalysed and controlled by specific enzymes . Most chemical reactions of the living cells would have occurred very slowly ha ...
Chapter 9
... In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic aci ...
... In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic aci ...
AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 121516
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
Chapter 5: Enzymes
... 3. Oxidation of Glucose Release of Energy to do work Involves a series of enzyme catalysed reactions 4. Breakdown of toxic materials Hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen catalysed by catalase. Enzymes catalyse almost all reactions in body. There are many different types of enzymes and each is ...
... 3. Oxidation of Glucose Release of Energy to do work Involves a series of enzyme catalysed reactions 4. Breakdown of toxic materials Hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen catalysed by catalase. Enzymes catalyse almost all reactions in body. There are many different types of enzymes and each is ...
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are classified as coenzymes because they are common substrates, involved in the transfer of ________________, in many different enzymatically catalyzed reactions. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) ...
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are classified as coenzymes because they are common substrates, involved in the transfer of ________________, in many different enzymatically catalyzed reactions. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) ...
enzymes - UniMAP Portal
... INTRODUCTION How enzymes work ? 1. recognize very specific substrates, 2. perform specific chemical reactions high speeds. Enzymes make and break specific chemical bonds of the substrates at a faster rate without being consumed in the process. At the end of each catalytic cycle, the enzyme is free ...
... INTRODUCTION How enzymes work ? 1. recognize very specific substrates, 2. perform specific chemical reactions high speeds. Enzymes make and break specific chemical bonds of the substrates at a faster rate without being consumed in the process. At the end of each catalytic cycle, the enzyme is free ...
3 hours - The University of Winnipeg
... Question 12. Consider the fatty acid 20:1? 9 and the fatty acid 18:0. How many more ATP will the complete catabolism of 20:1? 9 into CO2 and water yield than the complete catabolism of 18:0 yield. Assume each NADH and FADH2 formed are ‘worth’ 3 and 2 ATP respectively. a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16 e. non ...
... Question 12. Consider the fatty acid 20:1? 9 and the fatty acid 18:0. How many more ATP will the complete catabolism of 20:1? 9 into CO2 and water yield than the complete catabolism of 18:0 yield. Assume each NADH and FADH2 formed are ‘worth’ 3 and 2 ATP respectively. a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16 e. non ...
Water Soluble Vitamins 2
... RDA for Vitamin C 90 mg/day for male adults 75 mg/day for female adults +35 mg/day for smokers Average intake ~72 mg/day ...
... RDA for Vitamin C 90 mg/day for male adults 75 mg/day for female adults +35 mg/day for smokers Average intake ~72 mg/day ...
Malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6
... fermentation reactions [3,4], while antisera raised against sonicated or formalised cells have revealed at least 5 serotypes designated a-e [5]. Heterogeneity has also been recognised using restriction fragment length polymorphisms [6,7] and analysis of their cellular fatty acids [8]. As part of a s ...
... fermentation reactions [3,4], while antisera raised against sonicated or formalised cells have revealed at least 5 serotypes designated a-e [5]. Heterogeneity has also been recognised using restriction fragment length polymorphisms [6,7] and analysis of their cellular fatty acids [8]. As part of a s ...
2. The citric acid cycle
... NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
49. enzyme review - Khan Usman Ghani
... substrate as a result substrate is converted to product. Substrate binds on active site of enzymes that is specific for substrate (Hansen et al., 1990). Enzymes increases or decreases rate of reaction by increasing or decreasing the energy of activation (Amyes et al., 2001). Protein part of enzymes ...
... substrate as a result substrate is converted to product. Substrate binds on active site of enzymes that is specific for substrate (Hansen et al., 1990). Enzymes increases or decreases rate of reaction by increasing or decreasing the energy of activation (Amyes et al., 2001). Protein part of enzymes ...
Glycolysis
... *Values in this table from D. Voet & J. G. Voet (2004) Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, John ...
... *Values in this table from D. Voet & J. G. Voet (2004) Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, John ...
2013 Enzymes ppt
... The structure of the enzyme is changed The active site is distorted and the substrate molecules will no longer fit in it At pH values slightly different from the enzyme’s optimum value, small changes in the charges of the enzyme and it’s substrate molecules will occur This change in ionisation will ...
... The structure of the enzyme is changed The active site is distorted and the substrate molecules will no longer fit in it At pH values slightly different from the enzyme’s optimum value, small changes in the charges of the enzyme and it’s substrate molecules will occur This change in ionisation will ...
Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint
... retardation and shortens the life span so that half the carriers are dead at 20 and 75% are dead at 30 if it is untreated. It is a genetic disorder and can result from aberrant splicing of the normal phenylalanine hydroxylase transcript. Therapy for the disease involves restricting the intake of phe ...
... retardation and shortens the life span so that half the carriers are dead at 20 and 75% are dead at 30 if it is untreated. It is a genetic disorder and can result from aberrant splicing of the normal phenylalanine hydroxylase transcript. Therapy for the disease involves restricting the intake of phe ...
CHAPTER 16 - CITRIC ACID CYCLE Introduction:
... - E1 is also subject to covalent modification by a regulatory kinase (which is allosterically activated by the high-energy indicator, ATP). Phosphorylation of E1 results in its inactivation. Note that insulin, which we have previously seen to have antagonistic effects with respect to glucagon and ep ...
... - E1 is also subject to covalent modification by a regulatory kinase (which is allosterically activated by the high-energy indicator, ATP). Phosphorylation of E1 results in its inactivation. Note that insulin, which we have previously seen to have antagonistic effects with respect to glucagon and ep ...
Enzymes
... affected by changes in pH and temperature. Each enzyme works best at a certain pH and temperature,its activity decreasing at values above and below that point. This is because of the importance of tertiary structure (i.e. shape) in enzyme function and forces, e.g., ionic interactions and hydrogen bo ...
... affected by changes in pH and temperature. Each enzyme works best at a certain pH and temperature,its activity decreasing at values above and below that point. This is because of the importance of tertiary structure (i.e. shape) in enzyme function and forces, e.g., ionic interactions and hydrogen bo ...
metabolism
... or break bonds and transfer electrons. Endergonic reactions – consume energy Exergonic reactions – release energy Energy present in chemical bonds of nutrients are trapped by specialized enzyme systems as the bonds of the nutrients are ...
... or break bonds and transfer electrons. Endergonic reactions – consume energy Exergonic reactions – release energy Energy present in chemical bonds of nutrients are trapped by specialized enzyme systems as the bonds of the nutrients are ...
Glycolysis
... NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Lactate, in addition to being an end-product of fermentation, serves as a mobile form of nutrient energy, & possibly as a signal molecule in mammalian organisms. Cell membranes contain carrier proteins that facilitate transport of lactate. ...
... NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Lactate, in addition to being an end-product of fermentation, serves as a mobile form of nutrient energy, & possibly as a signal molecule in mammalian organisms. Cell membranes contain carrier proteins that facilitate transport of lactate. ...
103 Lecture Ch21a
... • Isoenzymes are different forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction in different tissues in the body - they have slight variations in the amino acid sequences of the subunits of their quaternary structure • For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which converts lactate to pyruvate, consi ...
... • Isoenzymes are different forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction in different tissues in the body - they have slight variations in the amino acid sequences of the subunits of their quaternary structure • For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which converts lactate to pyruvate, consi ...
Glycolysis
... Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the cell. Global control is for the benefit of the whole organism, & often involves hormone-activated signal cascades. Liver cells have major roles in metabolism, i ...
... Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the cell. Global control is for the benefit of the whole organism, & often involves hormone-activated signal cascades. Liver cells have major roles in metabolism, i ...
Intermediary metabolism
... Metabolism of ammonia - the importance of glutamine • synthesis of nucleotides ( nucleic acids) • detoxification of amino N (-NH2 transport) • synthesis of citrulline (used in urea cycle): intake of proteins in a diet (fed state) degradation of body proteins (starvation) concentration of glu ...
... Metabolism of ammonia - the importance of glutamine • synthesis of nucleotides ( nucleic acids) • detoxification of amino N (-NH2 transport) • synthesis of citrulline (used in urea cycle): intake of proteins in a diet (fed state) degradation of body proteins (starvation) concentration of glu ...
Chapter 9
... Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ...
... Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.