Chapter 1
... – Measuring activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase – Cellular & urinary concentrations 2009 Cengage-Wadsworth ...
... – Measuring activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase – Cellular & urinary concentrations 2009 Cengage-Wadsworth ...
METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES I Lecture 2 Pentose
... the pentose phosphate pathway. • G6PD converts glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphogluconoδ-lactone • This is the rate-limiting enzyme of this metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) • The NAD ...
... the pentose phosphate pathway. • G6PD converts glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphogluconoδ-lactone • This is the rate-limiting enzyme of this metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) • The NAD ...
Slayt 1 - Prof.Dr.Orhan CANBOLAT
... nitrogen-containing base., 1. The bases that make up the physiologically relevant nucleosides all have ring structures. a. The purines adenine, guanine, and inosine have a doublering system. b. The pyrimidines cytosine, thymine, and uracil have sixmembered ring structures. 2. Ribose and 2-deoxyribos ...
... nitrogen-containing base., 1. The bases that make up the physiologically relevant nucleosides all have ring structures. a. The purines adenine, guanine, and inosine have a doublering system. b. The pyrimidines cytosine, thymine, and uracil have sixmembered ring structures. 2. Ribose and 2-deoxyribos ...
Vitamin B3 or Niacin Niacin is the name given to vitamin B3 (B
... Niacin is critical in two ways: It helps convert blood sugar to storable carbohydrate in muscles and liver for later use. Two unique forms of vitamin B3 (called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD, ...
... Niacin is critical in two ways: It helps convert blood sugar to storable carbohydrate in muscles and liver for later use. Two unique forms of vitamin B3 (called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD, ...
The activity reaction core and plasticity of metabolic networks
... tetrahydrofolte biosynthesis. Both pathways are present in H. pylori and E. coli. ...
... tetrahydrofolte biosynthesis. Both pathways are present in H. pylori and E. coli. ...
Word
... D) Phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase E) Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase 14) The term substrate level phosphorylation applies to which glycolytic reactions? A) B) C) D) E) ...
... D) Phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase E) Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase 14) The term substrate level phosphorylation applies to which glycolytic reactions? A) B) C) D) E) ...
Ch 9 Cellular respiration
... =an energy coupling mechanism that uses stored energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work in inner mitochondrion membrane ATP synthase is a enzyme used to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate ATP synthase uses a concentration gradient of hydroge ...
... =an energy coupling mechanism that uses stored energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work in inner mitochondrion membrane ATP synthase is a enzyme used to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate ATP synthase uses a concentration gradient of hydroge ...
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
... Is the final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP ...
... Is the final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP ...
Answer the following short questions Q 1
... (a) three mol acetyl units and one mol propionyl units (b) four mol acetyl units and one mol propionyl units (c) four mol acetyl units and one mol Co2 units ...
... (a) three mol acetyl units and one mol propionyl units (b) four mol acetyl units and one mol propionyl units (c) four mol acetyl units and one mol Co2 units ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • AMP competes for the site with ATP; AMP has no inhibitory effect • When ATP/AMP ratio lowered → increases enzyme activity • Also inhibited by a decrease in pH (such as when lactic acid is formed; don’t want to damage cell with acid buildup) ...
... • AMP competes for the site with ATP; AMP has no inhibitory effect • When ATP/AMP ratio lowered → increases enzyme activity • Also inhibited by a decrease in pH (such as when lactic acid is formed; don’t want to damage cell with acid buildup) ...
Reaction of glycolysis
... of water, producing phosphenolpyruvate •Enolase catalyzes the dehydration reaction (-H2O) and requires a Mg2+ as a cofactor •Phosphoenolpyruvate contains a high energy bond •enolase ...
... of water, producing phosphenolpyruvate •Enolase catalyzes the dehydration reaction (-H2O) and requires a Mg2+ as a cofactor •Phosphoenolpyruvate contains a high energy bond •enolase ...
BSU Reading Guide Chapter 7 Respiration
... third protein complex called the bc1complex (the purple structure), which again acts as a proton pump. The electrons are then shuttled by another carrier C to a fourth protein complex called cytochrome oxidase(the light blue structure). This complex uses each of these electrons both to pump another ...
... third protein complex called the bc1complex (the purple structure), which again acts as a proton pump. The electrons are then shuttled by another carrier C to a fourth protein complex called cytochrome oxidase(the light blue structure). This complex uses each of these electrons both to pump another ...
Additional data file
... of the glucose-repressed gene ADH2, of peroxisomal protein genes, and of genes required for ethanol, glycerol, and fatty acid utilization Amino acid transport protein for valine, leucine, isoleucine, and tyrosine, lowaffinity tryptophan and histidine transporter Threonine deaminase, catalyzes the fi ...
... of the glucose-repressed gene ADH2, of peroxisomal protein genes, and of genes required for ethanol, glycerol, and fatty acid utilization Amino acid transport protein for valine, leucine, isoleucine, and tyrosine, lowaffinity tryptophan and histidine transporter Threonine deaminase, catalyzes the fi ...
Chapter 26
... • recommended daily allowances (RDA) – safe estimate of daily intake that would meet the nutritional needs of most healthy people ...
... • recommended daily allowances (RDA) – safe estimate of daily intake that would meet the nutritional needs of most healthy people ...
Biol120 Mock Final Examination
... c) It has a guanine cap on its 3’ end and a poly-A tail on its 5’ end d) It is a polymer of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine bases 45. Where are electrons donated to from photosystem I? a) A complex located on the lumen face of the thylakoid membrane called NADP+ reductase where NADP+ is redu ...
... c) It has a guanine cap on its 3’ end and a poly-A tail on its 5’ end d) It is a polymer of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine bases 45. Where are electrons donated to from photosystem I? a) A complex located on the lumen face of the thylakoid membrane called NADP+ reductase where NADP+ is redu ...
H + - WordPress.com
... Intermembrane Space A total of 10 -12 H+ are ejected from the mitochondrial matrix per 2 e- transferred from NADH to oxygen via the respiratory chain. ...
... Intermembrane Space A total of 10 -12 H+ are ejected from the mitochondrial matrix per 2 e- transferred from NADH to oxygen via the respiratory chain. ...
Chap 7 PP
... molecule is oxidized by NAD+, which in its new form, NADH, moves to the electron transport chain bearing its electron cargo. The oxidation of NAD+ is energetic enough that it allows the phosphate group to become attached to the main molecule, now called 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because everything ...
... molecule is oxidized by NAD+, which in its new form, NADH, moves to the electron transport chain bearing its electron cargo. The oxidation of NAD+ is energetic enough that it allows the phosphate group to become attached to the main molecule, now called 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because everything ...
Global Properties of the Metabolic Map of
... definition. For example, we wish to exclude enzymes of macromolecule metabolism, as well as most reactions whose substrates are proteins (such as signaltransduction reactions), and include, for example, reactions of fatty-acid biosynthesis whose substrates include the acyl-carrier protein. The compu ...
... definition. For example, we wish to exclude enzymes of macromolecule metabolism, as well as most reactions whose substrates are proteins (such as signaltransduction reactions), and include, for example, reactions of fatty-acid biosynthesis whose substrates include the acyl-carrier protein. The compu ...
Lh6Ch19bEtrans
... 2. Mass action ratio: [ATP]/([ADP] [Pi]) EOC Problem 17 Gets into the rate of ATP turnover in heart muscle…the muscle that always has to be “on”. EOC Problem 18 Gets into the same in insect flight muscle. ...
... 2. Mass action ratio: [ATP]/([ADP] [Pi]) EOC Problem 17 Gets into the rate of ATP turnover in heart muscle…the muscle that always has to be “on”. EOC Problem 18 Gets into the same in insect flight muscle. ...
Chapter 14b
... - produces two important biomolecules (NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate (R5P)) from G6P. - ~30% of glucose oxidation in liver occurs via the pentose phosphate pathway. - Although NADH and NADPH are chemically similar, those are not metabolically interchangeable. - NADPH is the reducing power currency in ...
... - produces two important biomolecules (NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate (R5P)) from G6P. - ~30% of glucose oxidation in liver occurs via the pentose phosphate pathway. - Although NADH and NADPH are chemically similar, those are not metabolically interchangeable. - NADPH is the reducing power currency in ...
pyruvate
... Protein → Ala + aa aa→ NH4+ + α keto acids α keto acids → Ala (“simplest” aa). ThereforeSources total Ala released > Ala derived from proteins of Alanine (from Muscle) (ii) Liver: Ala → NH4+ + α keto acids NH4+ → urea (iii) As well Glucose → Pyruvate (no N) → Ala (with N) Therefore Ala serves as a v ...
... Protein → Ala + aa aa→ NH4+ + α keto acids α keto acids → Ala (“simplest” aa). ThereforeSources total Ala released > Ala derived from proteins of Alanine (from Muscle) (ii) Liver: Ala → NH4+ + α keto acids NH4+ → urea (iii) As well Glucose → Pyruvate (no N) → Ala (with N) Therefore Ala serves as a v ...
Harvesting Energy
... The electron carriers donate their electrons to a series of complexes within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes, together called the electron transport chain, use the donated energy from the electron carriers to pump protons into the intermembrane space, forming a concentration gradie ...
... The electron carriers donate their electrons to a series of complexes within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes, together called the electron transport chain, use the donated energy from the electron carriers to pump protons into the intermembrane space, forming a concentration gradie ...
Lect 1 (Metabolic Pathways) Lect 2 (Enzymes) Lect 3 (Glucose
... Glucokinase: hexokinase converts glucose > G6P. Has a low affinity for glucose & a maximal Km at 10Km. only found in liver cells. G6P is used to keep [blood glucose] low. Converted to glucose by Glucose-6Phosphorylase. G6P can’t enter/leave the cell due to Pi group. When [blood glucose] high, G6P ca ...
... Glucokinase: hexokinase converts glucose > G6P. Has a low affinity for glucose & a maximal Km at 10Km. only found in liver cells. G6P is used to keep [blood glucose] low. Converted to glucose by Glucose-6Phosphorylase. G6P can’t enter/leave the cell due to Pi group. When [blood glucose] high, G6P ca ...
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy
... to break down NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons to transfer enzyme systems embedded in the membrane, o pumping H+ into the outer compartment of the mitochondria Where: the mitochondria membranes In this reaction, the ETC creates a H+ ion gradient which is used to produce ATP, (quite like in the ...
... to break down NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons to transfer enzyme systems embedded in the membrane, o pumping H+ into the outer compartment of the mitochondria Where: the mitochondria membranes In this reaction, the ETC creates a H+ ion gradient which is used to produce ATP, (quite like in the ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.