Answers set 7
... In most organisms, fatty acid synthase is a closely associated complex of seven catalytic centres surrounding acyl carrier protein (ACP) which carries a long pantetheine arm terminating in the HS- group that bonds to the substrate. In bacteria, the complex consists of independent polypeptides held t ...
... In most organisms, fatty acid synthase is a closely associated complex of seven catalytic centres surrounding acyl carrier protein (ACP) which carries a long pantetheine arm terminating in the HS- group that bonds to the substrate. In bacteria, the complex consists of independent polypeptides held t ...
How Cells Harvest Energy from Food
... tells a different story, somehow finding another 30 pounds. I did not ask for that weight, do not want it, and am constantly looking for a way to get rid of it. I have not found this to be a lonely search—it seems like everyone I know past the flush of youth is trying to lose weight, too. And, like ...
... tells a different story, somehow finding another 30 pounds. I did not ask for that weight, do not want it, and am constantly looking for a way to get rid of it. I have not found this to be a lonely search—it seems like everyone I know past the flush of youth is trying to lose weight, too. And, like ...
AP Biology Notes Outline Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular R
... The ETC converts the chemical energy to a form used to drive oxidative phosphorylation. Cycle generates 1 ATP per turn by substrate phosphorylation…but most of the chemical energy is transferred during the redox reactions to NAD+ and FAD. The reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2, shuttle their cargo of ...
... The ETC converts the chemical energy to a form used to drive oxidative phosphorylation. Cycle generates 1 ATP per turn by substrate phosphorylation…but most of the chemical energy is transferred during the redox reactions to NAD+ and FAD. The reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2, shuttle their cargo of ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 29: Membrane Transport and metabolism
... plasma membrane, where they are now available to transport glucose. In the absence of insulin, the GluT4 molecules are taken back into storage by endocytosis. The N-terminal end of GluT4 is recognized by an as yet unknown mechanism. If the N-terminal is removed, GluT4 transports glucose normally, bu ...
... plasma membrane, where they are now available to transport glucose. In the absence of insulin, the GluT4 molecules are taken back into storage by endocytosis. The N-terminal end of GluT4 is recognized by an as yet unknown mechanism. If the N-terminal is removed, GluT4 transports glucose normally, bu ...
Lecture 33 - Carbohydrate Metabolism 1
... tripeptide that has a free sulfhydryl group which functions as an electron donor in a variety of coupled redox reactions in the cell. ...
... tripeptide that has a free sulfhydryl group which functions as an electron donor in a variety of coupled redox reactions in the cell. ...
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy
... 1- Plants make ATP during photosynthesis. 2- All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose. Aerobic respiration : the process by which a cell uses O2 to "burn" molecules and release energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Note: this reaction is the o ...
... 1- Plants make ATP during photosynthesis. 2- All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose. Aerobic respiration : the process by which a cell uses O2 to "burn" molecules and release energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Note: this reaction is the o ...
harvesting chemical energy
... with the hydrogen from methane to form water, the electrons of the covalent bonds are drawn closer to the oxygen. In effect, each oxygen atom has partially “gained” electrons, and so the oxygen molecule ...
... with the hydrogen from methane to form water, the electrons of the covalent bonds are drawn closer to the oxygen. In effect, each oxygen atom has partially “gained” electrons, and so the oxygen molecule ...
Lecture 13: Fighting Entropy II: Respiration
... • In the presence of O2, pyruvate (generated by glycolysis) enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm • Prior to the start of the cycle, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, generating one molecule of NADH • The cycle then oxidizes acetyl CoA, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per ...
... • In the presence of O2, pyruvate (generated by glycolysis) enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm • Prior to the start of the cycle, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, generating one molecule of NADH • The cycle then oxidizes acetyl CoA, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per ...
Lecture Slides
... Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • The ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. – CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves. – H2O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s roots. ...
... Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • The ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. – CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves. – H2O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s roots. ...
exam2review_s09.cwk (WP)
... energy source (food)) is continually oxidized and the electrons are gathered by electron carrier molecules. The reduced electron carriers represent ENERGY, as they can drop off their electrons at the electron transport chain and they can be used to create the proton motive force and ATP (= oxidative ...
... energy source (food)) is continually oxidized and the electrons are gathered by electron carrier molecules. The reduced electron carriers represent ENERGY, as they can drop off their electrons at the electron transport chain and they can be used to create the proton motive force and ATP (= oxidative ...
27. GE_7.27 Gluconeo.. - College of Pharmacy at Howard University
... The metabolically irreversible reaction catalyzed by PFK-1 is the step that commits glucose to glycolysis. In addition to its substrate-binding sites, this complex enzyme has several regulatory sites at which allosteric activators or inhibitors bind. ATP is not only a substrate for PFK-1 but a ...
... The metabolically irreversible reaction catalyzed by PFK-1 is the step that commits glucose to glycolysis. In addition to its substrate-binding sites, this complex enzyme has several regulatory sites at which allosteric activators or inhibitors bind. ATP is not only a substrate for PFK-1 but a ...
Chapter 9 – Respiration
... • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
CHAPTER 6
... E.C. increases, the rates of R reactions decline, but U reactions go faster. ATP is consumed, and E.C. drops. Below the point of intersection, R processes are more active and U processes are slower, so E.C. recovers. Energycharge oscillates about a steady-state value determined by the intersection p ...
... E.C. increases, the rates of R reactions decline, but U reactions go faster. ATP is consumed, and E.C. drops. Below the point of intersection, R processes are more active and U processes are slower, so E.C. recovers. Energycharge oscillates about a steady-state value determined by the intersection p ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The First of the Final Common Pathways
... The concentrations of TCA cycle intermediates can be increased by reactions called ANAPLEUROTIC REACTIONS. One of the three important anapleurotic reactions is the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Pyruvate Carboxylase. Pyruvate Carboxylase is a mitoch ...
... The concentrations of TCA cycle intermediates can be increased by reactions called ANAPLEUROTIC REACTIONS. One of the three important anapleurotic reactions is the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Pyruvate Carboxylase. Pyruvate Carboxylase is a mitoch ...
Metabolism of amino acid
... The mental retardation is caused by the accumulation of phenylalanine, which becomes a major donor of amino groups in aminotransferase activity and depletes neural tissue of α-ketoglutarate. Absence of α-ketoglutarate in the brain shuts down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic ene ...
... The mental retardation is caused by the accumulation of phenylalanine, which becomes a major donor of amino groups in aminotransferase activity and depletes neural tissue of α-ketoglutarate. Absence of α-ketoglutarate in the brain shuts down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic ene ...
Sources of enzyme
... In the production of malt for brewing, the ungerminated seeds are exposed to a favorable temperature and humidity so that rapid germination occurs, with resulting large increase in a-amylase. The germinated barley is then kiln-dried slowly; ◦ this halts all enzyme activity without irreversible ...
... In the production of malt for brewing, the ungerminated seeds are exposed to a favorable temperature and humidity so that rapid germination occurs, with resulting large increase in a-amylase. The germinated barley is then kiln-dried slowly; ◦ this halts all enzyme activity without irreversible ...
Quiz Ch 6
... As you will discover, the new Atkins Diet is an optimally balanced lifetime eating plan with the flexibility to meet each individual’s unique physical condition addressing factors such as age, gender, level of physical activity, and metabolic rate. The lifetime eating plan incorporates "ALL" food gr ...
... As you will discover, the new Atkins Diet is an optimally balanced lifetime eating plan with the flexibility to meet each individual’s unique physical condition addressing factors such as age, gender, level of physical activity, and metabolic rate. The lifetime eating plan incorporates "ALL" food gr ...
ENZYMES - PROBLEMS - Chemistry@Elmhurst
... Normally folic acid is synthesized in two steps in bacteria by the top reaction on the left. If a sulfa drug is used, the first enzyme is not to specific and can use the sulfonamide in the first reaction. This reaction produces the product containing pteridine and the sulfa drug. The next and final ...
... Normally folic acid is synthesized in two steps in bacteria by the top reaction on the left. If a sulfa drug is used, the first enzyme is not to specific and can use the sulfonamide in the first reaction. This reaction produces the product containing pteridine and the sulfa drug. The next and final ...
Lipid Metabolism: Power Point presentation
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a proton gradient Proton gradient used to drive synthesis of ATP. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase allows H+ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ATP. Ultimate acc ...
... Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a proton gradient Proton gradient used to drive synthesis of ATP. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase allows H+ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ATP. Ultimate acc ...
Cellular Respiration - Esperanza High School
... • A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ...
... • A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ...
Advanced Enzymology - Makerere University Courses
... First order kinetic in which only one type of molecule is involved as reactant. It is observed when substrate is smaller than Km. K1 Second order kinetic in which 2 reactants are involved. A+B P+E Rate or velocity = K1[A] [B] ...
... First order kinetic in which only one type of molecule is involved as reactant. It is observed when substrate is smaller than Km. K1 Second order kinetic in which 2 reactants are involved. A+B P+E Rate or velocity = K1[A] [B] ...
How Enzymes Work - Manhasset Public Schools
... a) Organic- contains carbon and hydrogen a) Catalysts- affect the rate of chemical reactions ...
... a) Organic- contains carbon and hydrogen a) Catalysts- affect the rate of chemical reactions ...
New insight into pathogenesis of medical diseases
... immediate use or other forms that may be used in future. The foods possess stored energy. When we consume these foods, the digestive processes break them down into simple compounds that are absorbed into the body and transported to various cells. Energy in the body is available for immediate use in ...
... immediate use or other forms that may be used in future. The foods possess stored energy. When we consume these foods, the digestive processes break them down into simple compounds that are absorbed into the body and transported to various cells. Energy in the body is available for immediate use in ...
aerobic respiration
... Pyruvate not moved into mitochondria (stays in cytosol & is converted into waste products that can be transported out of cells) Waste product depends on type of cell ...
... Pyruvate not moved into mitochondria (stays in cytosol & is converted into waste products that can be transported out of cells) Waste product depends on type of cell ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.