(i) Enzymes are (1)
... A slows down all chemical reactions B speeds up a chemical reaction C prevents all chemical reactions taking place D has no effect on a chemical reaction (b) The diagrams show two sequences of six amino acids. Sequence 1 is found in an enzyme called catalase. ...
... A slows down all chemical reactions B speeds up a chemical reaction C prevents all chemical reactions taking place D has no effect on a chemical reaction (b) The diagrams show two sequences of six amino acids. Sequence 1 is found in an enzyme called catalase. ...
The b-oxidation pathway as an energy source
... IV: Mitochondrial function (e.g. hepatocytes) 1) citric acid cycle as an energy source a) pyruvate or a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase b) lipoic acid therapy 2) the respiratory chain as an energy source 3) oxidative phosphorylation and uncouplers 4) membrane transporters and shuttles a) cytosolic NADH ...
... IV: Mitochondrial function (e.g. hepatocytes) 1) citric acid cycle as an energy source a) pyruvate or a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase b) lipoic acid therapy 2) the respiratory chain as an energy source 3) oxidative phosphorylation and uncouplers 4) membrane transporters and shuttles a) cytosolic NADH ...
Chapter 3
... A new class of arsenicals, melaminyl-substituted phenylarsonates, of which melarsen oxide was the first, was introduced by F r i e d h e i m . 17,18 M e l a r s o p r o l (figure 1.6A) was introduced in the 1940s.20 It is used against the effectors of human sleeping sickness and the animal trypanoso ...
... A new class of arsenicals, melaminyl-substituted phenylarsonates, of which melarsen oxide was the first, was introduced by F r i e d h e i m . 17,18 M e l a r s o p r o l (figure 1.6A) was introduced in the 1940s.20 It is used against the effectors of human sleeping sickness and the animal trypanoso ...
enzymes
... Enzymes are proteins able to catalyse biochemical reactions in a highly specific way. Most natural biological processes are enzyme regulated. For example, enzyme pepsin present in our stomach is essential to digest food into small molecules that are vital for our organism. The activity and stability ...
... Enzymes are proteins able to catalyse biochemical reactions in a highly specific way. Most natural biological processes are enzyme regulated. For example, enzyme pepsin present in our stomach is essential to digest food into small molecules that are vital for our organism. The activity and stability ...
biology 2402
... (Often, catabolic reactions occur in one compartment of a cell, for example, the mitochondria). (Synthetic reaction takes place in another location such as the cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum). Which reaction occur depend on which enzymes are active in a particular cell at a particular time. ATP (a ...
... (Often, catabolic reactions occur in one compartment of a cell, for example, the mitochondria). (Synthetic reaction takes place in another location such as the cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum). Which reaction occur depend on which enzymes are active in a particular cell at a particular time. ATP (a ...
21_Pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrates metabolism
... Conversions of ribulose 5-phosphate ...
... Conversions of ribulose 5-phosphate ...
Nucleotide File
... with two or three phosphate groups.[1][4][5][6] Thus, the term "nucleotide" generally refers to a nucleoside monophosphate, but a nucleoside diphosphate or nucleoside triphosphate could be considered a nucleotide as well. Without the phosphate group, the nucleobase and sugar compose a nucleoside. Th ...
... with two or three phosphate groups.[1][4][5][6] Thus, the term "nucleotide" generally refers to a nucleoside monophosphate, but a nucleoside diphosphate or nucleoside triphosphate could be considered a nucleotide as well. Without the phosphate group, the nucleobase and sugar compose a nucleoside. Th ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
... Two electrons are transferred from FADH2 directly to Fe-S clusters of succinate dehydrogenase. The electrons are then passed to (Q) for entry into the electron-transport chain. FADH2 is generated by other reactions (such as: Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase). ...
... Two electrons are transferred from FADH2 directly to Fe-S clusters of succinate dehydrogenase. The electrons are then passed to (Q) for entry into the electron-transport chain. FADH2 is generated by other reactions (such as: Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase). ...
Chapter 6
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of ...
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... What conclusion can you make about the bacteria in Question #6 concerning their ability to grow aerobically? e. There is not enough information given to make a conclusion. ...
... What conclusion can you make about the bacteria in Question #6 concerning their ability to grow aerobically? e. There is not enough information given to make a conclusion. ...
video slide - Ethical Culture Fieldston School
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
File
... d. yields how much ATP?_____________________________________________________ e. produces ATP through what process?________________________________________ f. yields how many NADH? ___________________________ g. Why is glycolysis thought to be one of the earliest of all biochemical processes to have ...
... d. yields how much ATP?_____________________________________________________ e. produces ATP through what process?________________________________________ f. yields how many NADH? ___________________________ g. Why is glycolysis thought to be one of the earliest of all biochemical processes to have ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
... – a carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2, – the two-carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH, – coenzyme A joins with the two-carbon group to form acetyl coenzyme A, abbreviated as acetyl CoA, and – acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle. ...
... – a carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2, – the two-carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH, – coenzyme A joins with the two-carbon group to form acetyl coenzyme A, abbreviated as acetyl CoA, and – acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle. ...
Chapter 19 - Evangel University
... • acetyl-CoA is produced mainly in mitochondria from catabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates • an indirect transfer mechanism exists involving citrate Citrate + CoA-SH + ATP ...
... • acetyl-CoA is produced mainly in mitochondria from catabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates • an indirect transfer mechanism exists involving citrate Citrate + CoA-SH + ATP ...
NAD (H) Linked Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions using Coupled
... to develop an efficient method to recycle them in situ. In addition, cofactor regeneration can also drive the reaction to completion, simplify product isolation, and allow the removal of inhibitory cofactor byproducts, further reducing the cost of synthesis. Chemical, electrochemical, photochemical, ...
... to develop an efficient method to recycle them in situ. In addition, cofactor regeneration can also drive the reaction to completion, simplify product isolation, and allow the removal of inhibitory cofactor byproducts, further reducing the cost of synthesis. Chemical, electrochemical, photochemical, ...
Nitrogen Assimilation 1. Introduction and Overview Importance of
... 3. principles of synthesis of amino acids 4. nitrogen fixation as a special case (legumes) ...
... 3. principles of synthesis of amino acids 4. nitrogen fixation as a special case (legumes) ...
Mechanistic model of cardiac energy metabolism predicts
... concentrations of these metabolites in the cytosol and mitochondria when studying mechanisms controlling glycolysis and lactate metabolism from normal to ischemic conditions. Furthermore, it has been observed that key glycolytic enzymes are bound together in specific intracellular structures to form ...
... concentrations of these metabolites in the cytosol and mitochondria when studying mechanisms controlling glycolysis and lactate metabolism from normal to ischemic conditions. Furthermore, it has been observed that key glycolytic enzymes are bound together in specific intracellular structures to form ...
File
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
103 Lecture Ch21b
... • When product concentration is low, it dissociates from E1 and production is resumed • Feedback control allows products to be formed only when needed ...
... • When product concentration is low, it dissociates from E1 and production is resumed • Feedback control allows products to be formed only when needed ...
Cellular Respiration
... So, after glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, there are 4 ATP produced from each glucose. There’s still 32 ATP left to get from the process (because aerobic produces a total of 36 ATP from each glucose). ...
... So, after glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, there are 4 ATP produced from each glucose. There’s still 32 ATP left to get from the process (because aerobic produces a total of 36 ATP from each glucose). ...
Glossary of Key Terms in Chapter Two
... coenzyme (19.7) an organic group required by some enzymes; generally a donor or acceptor of electrons or functional groups in a reaction. cofactor (19.7) metal ions, organic compounds, or organometallic compounds that must be bound to an apoenzyme to maintain the correct configuration of the active ...
... coenzyme (19.7) an organic group required by some enzymes; generally a donor or acceptor of electrons or functional groups in a reaction. cofactor (19.7) metal ions, organic compounds, or organometallic compounds that must be bound to an apoenzyme to maintain the correct configuration of the active ...
Chapter 15
... Galactosemia is a disorder that affects how the body processes a simple sugar called galactose. A small amount of galactose is present in many foods. It is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas. The signs and symptoms of galacto ...
... Galactosemia is a disorder that affects how the body processes a simple sugar called galactose. A small amount of galactose is present in many foods. It is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas. The signs and symptoms of galacto ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.