ppt
... 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH. 5. In su ...
... 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH. 5. In su ...
Structural studies into ketosteroid dehydrogenases and S
... affect the size of the O pocket, which binds the aromatic substituent of their prototypic test substrate (S)-α-methylbenzylamine. As a result, the O pocket of Ars-ωTA is more spacious than that of BM-ωTA, suggesting that ArsωTA is able to accept larger substrates than BM-ωTA. However, activity assay ...
... affect the size of the O pocket, which binds the aromatic substituent of their prototypic test substrate (S)-α-methylbenzylamine. As a result, the O pocket of Ars-ωTA is more spacious than that of BM-ωTA, suggesting that ArsωTA is able to accept larger substrates than BM-ωTA. However, activity assay ...
(enzyme).
... • Enzymes can either break up or put together substrates • Enzymes are specific – only work on certain substances. • Enzymes are catalysts that react on substrates • Enzymes are NOT CHANGED in the reaction Textbook ...
... • Enzymes can either break up or put together substrates • Enzymes are specific – only work on certain substances. • Enzymes are catalysts that react on substrates • Enzymes are NOT CHANGED in the reaction Textbook ...
video slide - Biology at Mott
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Notes CH 7 - Haiku Learning
... a) Glucose is oxidized because electrons are transferred from it to oxygen. b) The protons follow the electrons to produce water. c) Oxygen atoms on the reactant sided are reduced d) Large drop in potential energy of the compounds on the product side of the equation ...
... a) Glucose is oxidized because electrons are transferred from it to oxygen. b) The protons follow the electrons to produce water. c) Oxygen atoms on the reactant sided are reduced d) Large drop in potential energy of the compounds on the product side of the equation ...
Document
... pyruvate dehydrogenase complex first oxidizes pyruvate to form CO2 and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), an energy-rich molecule composed of coenzyme A and acetic acid joined by a highenergy thiol ester bond. Acetyl-CoA arises from the catabolism of many carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. It can ...
... pyruvate dehydrogenase complex first oxidizes pyruvate to form CO2 and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), an energy-rich molecule composed of coenzyme A and acetic acid joined by a highenergy thiol ester bond. Acetyl-CoA arises from the catabolism of many carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. It can ...
Problem Set #3 Key
... pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase at a cost of 2 NADH (5 ATP). Therefore 7 ATP - 5 ATP = 2 ATP. Since no O2 is present for aerobic metabolism, any NADH produced (in glycolysis, PDH or TCA) cannot be used to make ATP. NOTE: For this example, we assumed that the fate of pyruvat ...
... pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase at a cost of 2 NADH (5 ATP). Therefore 7 ATP - 5 ATP = 2 ATP. Since no O2 is present for aerobic metabolism, any NADH produced (in glycolysis, PDH or TCA) cannot be used to make ATP. NOTE: For this example, we assumed that the fate of pyruvat ...
Cellular Respiration Introduction Energy flow Overall Equation for
... Formation of each ATP requires at least 7.3 kcal/mole. Efficiency of respiration is 7.3 kcal/mole x 38 ATP/glucose/686 kcal/mole glucose = 40%. The other approximately 60% is lost as heat. Cellular respiration is remarkably efficient in energy conversion. ...
... Formation of each ATP requires at least 7.3 kcal/mole. Efficiency of respiration is 7.3 kcal/mole x 38 ATP/glucose/686 kcal/mole glucose = 40%. The other approximately 60% is lost as heat. Cellular respiration is remarkably efficient in energy conversion. ...
Document
... reaction pyruvate loses a CO2 and a hydrogen to form a 2-carbon acetyl compound, which is temporarily attached to another coenzyme called coenzyme A (or just coA), so the product is called acetyl coA. The CO2 diffuses through the mitochondrial and cell membranes by lipid diffusion, out into the tis ...
... reaction pyruvate loses a CO2 and a hydrogen to form a 2-carbon acetyl compound, which is temporarily attached to another coenzyme called coenzyme A (or just coA), so the product is called acetyl coA. The CO2 diffuses through the mitochondrial and cell membranes by lipid diffusion, out into the tis ...
CHEMISTRY OF FOOD FERMENTATION
... a rare medical condition where the stomach produce brewer’s yeast that break down starches into ethanol; which enters the blood stream. Fermentation is a form of anaerobic digestion that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the process of substrate-level phosphorylation. The energy for generati ...
... a rare medical condition where the stomach produce brewer’s yeast that break down starches into ethanol; which enters the blood stream. Fermentation is a form of anaerobic digestion that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the process of substrate-level phosphorylation. The energy for generati ...
Lecture 12
... The most common medical complication Reduction of gluconeogenesis Fatty liver/ alcoholic steatosis ...
... The most common medical complication Reduction of gluconeogenesis Fatty liver/ alcoholic steatosis ...
Chapter 9 Powerpoint
... of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP Copyright © 2008 ...
... of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP Copyright © 2008 ...
Ch. 6 PPT
... • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
... • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
Enzymology - Lectures For UG-5
... terms of volume and value. The major component is proteases, but other and very different hydrolases are introduced to provide various benefits, such as the efficient removal of specific stains . To save energy, the temperature used in household laundering and automated dishwashers has been redu ...
... terms of volume and value. The major component is proteases, but other and very different hydrolases are introduced to provide various benefits, such as the efficient removal of specific stains . To save energy, the temperature used in household laundering and automated dishwashers has been redu ...
Tutorial 3 (Ans Scheme) ERT 317, Sem 1 2015/2016
... Briggs and Haldane first proposed Quasi-steady-state assumption ...
... Briggs and Haldane first proposed Quasi-steady-state assumption ...
Chapter 9 powerpoint - Red Hook Central Schools
... • NADH passes the electrons to the electron transport chain ETC. • Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction. • O2 pulls electrons down the ETC chain in an energy-yielding tumble. • The energy yielded is use ...
... • NADH passes the electrons to the electron transport chain ETC. • Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction. • O2 pulls electrons down the ETC chain in an energy-yielding tumble. • The energy yielded is use ...
Enzymes Recap
... • The chemical structure is such that its successive oxida5on yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
... • The chemical structure is such that its successive oxida5on yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
From Fig - Jiamusi University
... Long-chain fatty acids ae transported into mitochondria via the carnitine system, and there is also a special carrier for pyruvate. However, dicarboxylate and tricarboxylate anions and amino acids require specific transporter or carrier systems to facilitate their transport across the ...
... Long-chain fatty acids ae transported into mitochondria via the carnitine system, and there is also a special carrier for pyruvate. However, dicarboxylate and tricarboxylate anions and amino acids require specific transporter or carrier systems to facilitate their transport across the ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
... These smaller sugars are oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. Each of the ten steps in glycolysis is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. These steps can be divided into two phases: an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase. In t ...
... These smaller sugars are oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. Each of the ten steps in glycolysis is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. These steps can be divided into two phases: an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase. In t ...
Chapter 9
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Chapter 9
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Glucose Metabolism
... 1. In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidized forming carbon dioxide and an acetyl group (acetyl –SCoA). 2. Pyruvate must diffuse into the mitochondria from the cytosol. It is then transported by a carrier protein across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix. ...
... 1. In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidized forming carbon dioxide and an acetyl group (acetyl –SCoA). 2. Pyruvate must diffuse into the mitochondria from the cytosol. It is then transported by a carrier protein across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.