Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
what are enzymes
... chemical reactions in living things. Without enzymes, our guts would take weeks and weeks to digest our food, and our muscles, nerves, and bones would not work properly. Essentially, we would not be living! ...
... chemical reactions in living things. Without enzymes, our guts would take weeks and weeks to digest our food, and our muscles, nerves, and bones would not work properly. Essentially, we would not be living! ...
Amino Acid Metabolism - Breakdown Other metabolic
... Other metabolic pathways Urea Cycle - regulation 1. By flux of nitrogen through cycle - depends on diet lots protein in diet = carbon skeletons used for fuel, lots of urea starvation = breakdown muscle protein for energy, lots of urea All enzymes (CPS-I and 4 in cycle) synthesized at higher rates i ...
... Other metabolic pathways Urea Cycle - regulation 1. By flux of nitrogen through cycle - depends on diet lots protein in diet = carbon skeletons used for fuel, lots of urea starvation = breakdown muscle protein for energy, lots of urea All enzymes (CPS-I and 4 in cycle) synthesized at higher rates i ...
Chapter 9 - Slothnet
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Chymotrypsin is a Serine Protease
... Polar Amino Acid Residues in Active Sites • Active-site cavity of an enzyme is lined with hydrophobic amino acids • Polar, ionizable residues at the active site participate in the mechanism • Anions and cations of certain amino acids are commonly involved in catalysis ...
... Polar Amino Acid Residues in Active Sites • Active-site cavity of an enzyme is lined with hydrophobic amino acids • Polar, ionizable residues at the active site participate in the mechanism • Anions and cations of certain amino acids are commonly involved in catalysis ...
Cellular Respiration - Spokane Public Schools
... Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis ...
... Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis ...
2t.7 Cellular work
... Some phosphorylated enzyme substrates are activated for subsequent reactions they would not ordinarily undergo. The process of activation often involves a coupled reaction-an energeticallyunfauorable reaction is made to occur by being linked to a reaction that is energetically ueryfauorable (uery ex ...
... Some phosphorylated enzyme substrates are activated for subsequent reactions they would not ordinarily undergo. The process of activation often involves a coupled reaction-an energeticallyunfauorable reaction is made to occur by being linked to a reaction that is energetically ueryfauorable (uery ex ...
Protein mteabolism
... of cells rich in these enzymes. e.g. ALT and AST are present in liver, so their elevation in blood indicate liver cell damage such as in hepatitis, toxic injury, cirrhosiss,…… ...
... of cells rich in these enzymes. e.g. ALT and AST are present in liver, so their elevation in blood indicate liver cell damage such as in hepatitis, toxic injury, cirrhosiss,…… ...
Enzymes - Images
... the enzyme (as a protein) begins to lose its threedimensional shape due to intramolecular bonds being stressed and broken o This causes a structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties and is said to be denatured ...
... the enzyme (as a protein) begins to lose its threedimensional shape due to intramolecular bonds being stressed and broken o This causes a structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties and is said to be denatured ...
4 ATP - OoCities
... cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome a) - first carrier NADH reductase is reduced by a pair of electrons from NADH2 - NADH2 itself oxidized to NAD+ - NADH reductase is oxidized and passes 2 electrons to coenzyme Q which is reduced - each carrier in turn becomes reduced and then oxidized - energy released ...
... cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome a) - first carrier NADH reductase is reduced by a pair of electrons from NADH2 - NADH2 itself oxidized to NAD+ - NADH reductase is oxidized and passes 2 electrons to coenzyme Q which is reduced - each carrier in turn becomes reduced and then oxidized - energy released ...
How do digestive enzymes work
... proteins, and lipases break down lipids. Further (Flightpath C&B ): To be able to explain why enzymes are needed for digestion. For each food molecule, name the enzyme that acts on it, where it is produced, and which products are formed. Challenge Flightpath A):to be able to suggest how to test for ...
... proteins, and lipases break down lipids. Further (Flightpath C&B ): To be able to explain why enzymes are needed for digestion. For each food molecule, name the enzyme that acts on it, where it is produced, and which products are formed. Challenge Flightpath A):to be able to suggest how to test for ...
Some factors affecting polyphenol oxidase activity
... suggests that differences in the surface configuration (three- dimensional shape) of the active site are essential to specificity. only certain types of substrate molecule would be able to establish a close fit with a given type of enzyme molecule. ...
... suggests that differences in the surface configuration (three- dimensional shape) of the active site are essential to specificity. only certain types of substrate molecule would be able to establish a close fit with a given type of enzyme molecule. ...
Cellular Respiration Chapter 9
... Electron Transport Chain •Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain, between protein complexes to oxygen (final electron acceptor), which picks up H+ to form water ...
... Electron Transport Chain •Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain, between protein complexes to oxygen (final electron acceptor), which picks up H+ to form water ...
BIOCHEMISTRY (CHEM 360)
... It is popularly accepted that high doses of vitamin C prevent the common cold (although not clinically/biochemically proven); whereas high doses of Vitamin A could be quite hazardous. Explain why high doses of Vitamin C are tolerable, even if there are no proven benefits; on the other hand excessive ...
... It is popularly accepted that high doses of vitamin C prevent the common cold (although not clinically/biochemically proven); whereas high doses of Vitamin A could be quite hazardous. Explain why high doses of Vitamin C are tolerable, even if there are no proven benefits; on the other hand excessive ...
Cell Respiration
... • Oxidation occurs when an atom or molecule loses an electron. • Reduction occurs when an atom or molecule gains an electron. Redox reactions occur because every electron that is lost by an atom through oxidation is gained by some other atom through reduction. During redox reactions, H+ are often tr ...
... • Oxidation occurs when an atom or molecule loses an electron. • Reduction occurs when an atom or molecule gains an electron. Redox reactions occur because every electron that is lost by an atom through oxidation is gained by some other atom through reduction. During redox reactions, H+ are often tr ...
Slide 1
... images. Assays of the hexokinase reaction or of incorporation of labeled precursors into amino acids or water are used for pathway rate calculations. Note that these two approaches measure the initial and downstream oxidative steps of glucose utilization, respectively; together they can provide info ...
... images. Assays of the hexokinase reaction or of incorporation of labeled precursors into amino acids or water are used for pathway rate calculations. Note that these two approaches measure the initial and downstream oxidative steps of glucose utilization, respectively; together they can provide info ...
prosthetic group as non polypeptide biocatalyst essential for
... A tightly bound non-polypeptide structure required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein, for example the haem of haemoglobin. A characteristic non amino acid substance that is strongly bound to a protein and necessary for the protein portion of an enzyme to function; often used to describe ...
... A tightly bound non-polypeptide structure required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein, for example the haem of haemoglobin. A characteristic non amino acid substance that is strongly bound to a protein and necessary for the protein portion of an enzyme to function; often used to describe ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate → → → 2 Lactate (sent to
... → Under aerobic conditions, the electrons from the NADH produced in this step must be shuttled into the mitochondria using either the malate aspartate shuttle system or the α-glycerol phosphate shuttle system. The use of the shuttle systems result in NAD+ left in the cytosol and NADH (or FADH2 depen ...
... → Under aerobic conditions, the electrons from the NADH produced in this step must be shuttled into the mitochondria using either the malate aspartate shuttle system or the α-glycerol phosphate shuttle system. The use of the shuttle systems result in NAD+ left in the cytosol and NADH (or FADH2 depen ...
Electron Transport Chain
... • NAD + is reduced to NADH Enzyme action: dehydrogenase • Oxygen is the eventual electron acceptor ...
... • NAD + is reduced to NADH Enzyme action: dehydrogenase • Oxygen is the eventual electron acceptor ...
File
... De novo synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors: amino acids, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, and NH3. Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and nucleosides released from nucleic acid breakdown. ...
... De novo synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors: amino acids, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, and NH3. Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and nucleosides released from nucleic acid breakdown. ...
9.3 student Fill in notes
... • In the first stage of cellular respiration, ________________ is broken down to ________________ during ________________, an ________________ process. ...
... • In the first stage of cellular respiration, ________________ is broken down to ________________ during ________________, an ________________ process. ...
Cell Respiration
... “chain” refers to a series of molecules that receive and then pass off electrons. With each transfer, energy is released The final e- acceptor in the chain in O2. The diff. in potential energy between NADH and O2 is large. The difference is what is released. When O2 receives (O2) this is why e- it g ...
... “chain” refers to a series of molecules that receive and then pass off electrons. With each transfer, energy is released The final e- acceptor in the chain in O2. The diff. in potential energy between NADH and O2 is large. The difference is what is released. When O2 receives (O2) this is why e- it g ...
Metabolism: the Degradation and Synthesis of Living Cells
... • Observation of metabolic processes in intact living organisms (e.g., in the brains under various states) • Metabolism differences among various organisms or various states of the same organism (for diagnosing and treating such diseases as cancer, infections of bacteria or viruses, obesity, etc; to ...
... • Observation of metabolic processes in intact living organisms (e.g., in the brains under various states) • Metabolism differences among various organisms or various states of the same organism (for diagnosing and treating such diseases as cancer, infections of bacteria or viruses, obesity, etc; to ...
QUIZ #4 LIPID STRUCTURES AND METABOLISM
... You have two 6-carbon compounds; one is glucose and the other is caproic acid (6:0). If both are complexely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, what is the ratio of their potential maximum ATPs generated? a. Glucose yields 38 ATP where as caproic acid yields 28 ATP b. Glucose yields 28 ATP where as caproic aci ...
... You have two 6-carbon compounds; one is glucose and the other is caproic acid (6:0). If both are complexely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, what is the ratio of their potential maximum ATPs generated? a. Glucose yields 38 ATP where as caproic acid yields 28 ATP b. Glucose yields 28 ATP where as caproic aci ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.