Lecture 4| Enzyme Catalysis: Structural basis and energetics of
... Effect of pH on enzyme catalysis • When the rate-‐limi(ng component of the cataly(c process involves a (tratable residue, the measured ac(vity of the enzyme depends on pH and the ioniza(on status of ...
... Effect of pH on enzyme catalysis • When the rate-‐limi(ng component of the cataly(c process involves a (tratable residue, the measured ac(vity of the enzyme depends on pH and the ioniza(on status of ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 07.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid
... however, these do not necessarily contain the most recently added carbon atoms. The two acetyl carbon atoms will eventually be released on later turns of the cycle; thus, all six carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule are eventually incorporated into carbon dioxide. Each turn of the cycle f ...
... however, these do not necessarily contain the most recently added carbon atoms. The two acetyl carbon atoms will eventually be released on later turns of the cycle; thus, all six carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule are eventually incorporated into carbon dioxide. Each turn of the cycle f ...
Cellular-Respiration Student
... One CO2 is removed from each pyruvate released as a waste product Remaining 2-carbon portions are oxidized by ...
... One CO2 is removed from each pyruvate released as a waste product Remaining 2-carbon portions are oxidized by ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM - UNAIR | E
... Gluconeogenesis meets the needs of the body for glucose when carbohydrate is not available from the diet or from glycogenolysis A supply of glucose is necessary especially for nervous system and erythrocytes. ...
... Gluconeogenesis meets the needs of the body for glucose when carbohydrate is not available from the diet or from glycogenolysis A supply of glucose is necessary especially for nervous system and erythrocytes. ...
PRACTICE SET 6 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... ASP must be catabolized to result in 15NH3. This is accomplished via an aminotransferase reaction using α-KG as the universal amino acceptor (aspartate: α-KG aminotransferase= asp transaminase) . 15N-GLU is then oxidatively deaminated, resulting in 15NH3 (GLU dehydrogenase or GLU:NAD+ oxidoreductase ...
... ASP must be catabolized to result in 15NH3. This is accomplished via an aminotransferase reaction using α-KG as the universal amino acceptor (aspartate: α-KG aminotransferase= asp transaminase) . 15N-GLU is then oxidatively deaminated, resulting in 15NH3 (GLU dehydrogenase or GLU:NAD+ oxidoreductase ...
Biological Pathways I
... of products. Enzymes provide specificity 2. Whole set of reactions in a pathway must be thermodynamically favored. A reaction can occur spontaneously only if G, the change in free energy, is negative 3. An important thermodynamic fact: the overall free energy change for a chemically coupled series ...
... of products. Enzymes provide specificity 2. Whole set of reactions in a pathway must be thermodynamically favored. A reaction can occur spontaneously only if G, the change in free energy, is negative 3. An important thermodynamic fact: the overall free energy change for a chemically coupled series ...
chapter 11 - rci.rutgers.edu
... mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells – whereas glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The immediate products of the CAC are reduced cofactors (NADH and FADH2) which then feed electrons into oxidative phosphorylation, yielding much ATP. The CAC is connected with glycolysis via the Pyruvate DH Comple ...
... mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells – whereas glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The immediate products of the CAC are reduced cofactors (NADH and FADH2) which then feed electrons into oxidative phosphorylation, yielding much ATP. The CAC is connected with glycolysis via the Pyruvate DH Comple ...
AP151 ENZYMES
... – due to 3 structure—WEAK BONDS/H-BONDS – structural differences not involving active site do not effect the rxn or specificity – isozymes different versions of enzyme (vary by 1-a few amino acids) in different tissues that catalyze the same substrate/rxn • “leak” into blood after tissue damage, but ...
... – due to 3 structure—WEAK BONDS/H-BONDS – structural differences not involving active site do not effect the rxn or specificity – isozymes different versions of enzyme (vary by 1-a few amino acids) in different tissues that catalyze the same substrate/rxn • “leak” into blood after tissue damage, but ...
Unit 04 Lecture Notes - Roderick Anatomy and Physiology
... • I know the difference between Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • I know the where glycolysis occurs, its input and outputs and whether or not it is anaerobic or aerobic. • I know the where the citric acid cycle occurs, its input and outputs and whether or not it is anaerobic or aerobic. • I know ...
... • I know the difference between Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • I know the where glycolysis occurs, its input and outputs and whether or not it is anaerobic or aerobic. • I know the where the citric acid cycle occurs, its input and outputs and whether or not it is anaerobic or aerobic. • I know ...
B2 - Enzymes
... B2 - Enzymes Starter: Which of these uses enzymes? Answer: Photosynthesis, digestion, respiration and biological washing powders all use enzymes! ...
... B2 - Enzymes Starter: Which of these uses enzymes? Answer: Photosynthesis, digestion, respiration and biological washing powders all use enzymes! ...
aerobic respiration
... • Glycolysis occurs in nearly all organisms and is thought to have evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was O₂ in the atmosphere. ...
... • Glycolysis occurs in nearly all organisms and is thought to have evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was O₂ in the atmosphere. ...
Enzyme
... will be the plot of vi versus [S]. • A perpendicular dropped from the point where the y term log vi/(Vmax − vi) is zero intersects the x axis at a substrate concentration termed S50, • the substrate concentration that results in halfmaximal velocity. • S50 thus is analogous to the P50 for oxygen bin ...
... will be the plot of vi versus [S]. • A perpendicular dropped from the point where the y term log vi/(Vmax − vi) is zero intersects the x axis at a substrate concentration termed S50, • the substrate concentration that results in halfmaximal velocity. • S50 thus is analogous to the P50 for oxygen bin ...
Cellular Respiration
... decrease, the muscle cells form lactate, which causes discomfort or pain. 3. How do swimmers overcome lactate buildup as they near the end of a race? Initially, creatine phosphate powers the muscles during the race. However, near the end of the race, the swimmer uses rapid breathing to restore the o ...
... decrease, the muscle cells form lactate, which causes discomfort or pain. 3. How do swimmers overcome lactate buildup as they near the end of a race? Initially, creatine phosphate powers the muscles during the race. However, near the end of the race, the swimmer uses rapid breathing to restore the o ...
Lecture 26 - Glycolysis 2
... When blood glucose levels are high, both hexokinase I and glucokinase are active in liver cells, whereas, other tissues only have hexokinase 1 and their ability to take up glucose after a meal is unchanged. Since phosphorylation traps glucose inside cells, and reaction 1 of glycolysis (same reaction ...
... When blood glucose levels are high, both hexokinase I and glucokinase are active in liver cells, whereas, other tissues only have hexokinase 1 and their ability to take up glucose after a meal is unchanged. Since phosphorylation traps glucose inside cells, and reaction 1 of glycolysis (same reaction ...
Bis2A 07.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric
... The pruvate formed in glycolysis has a variety of fates depending upon the cell type, physiology and environment the cell is in. In many instances, cells can further oxidize pyruvate, generating additional energy in the form of GTP and reducing power, the formation of NADH (and FADH2) along with the ...
... The pruvate formed in glycolysis has a variety of fates depending upon the cell type, physiology and environment the cell is in. In many instances, cells can further oxidize pyruvate, generating additional energy in the form of GTP and reducing power, the formation of NADH (and FADH2) along with the ...
PBHS AP Biology Lab 2
... important as the AP Test will have least one essay question and several multiple choice questions based on these labs. ...
... important as the AP Test will have least one essay question and several multiple choice questions based on these labs. ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
... pathway occurring in plants and several bacteria, but not animals. . The glyoxylate cycle allows these organisms to use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates, a task which vertebrates, including humans, cannot perform. Isocitrate --> succinate + glyoxylate (O=CH-COO-)+acetyl-CoA--> malate-->> gluc ...
... pathway occurring in plants and several bacteria, but not animals. . The glyoxylate cycle allows these organisms to use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates, a task which vertebrates, including humans, cannot perform. Isocitrate --> succinate + glyoxylate (O=CH-COO-)+acetyl-CoA--> malate-->> gluc ...
Respiration
... ATP Continued • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
... ATP Continued • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
Cellular Respiration
... Both acetyl (C2) groups received from prep reaction: – Acetyl (C2) group transferred to oxaloacetate (C2) to make citrate (C6) – Each acetyl oxidized to two CO2 molecules – Remaining 4 carbons from oxaloacetate converted back to oxaloacetate (thus “cyclic”) ...
... Both acetyl (C2) groups received from prep reaction: – Acetyl (C2) group transferred to oxaloacetate (C2) to make citrate (C6) – Each acetyl oxidized to two CO2 molecules – Remaining 4 carbons from oxaloacetate converted back to oxaloacetate (thus “cyclic”) ...
Enzyme - Rubin Gulaboski
... Vmax – rate at saturation for a given enzyme concentration in moles per unit time Km – Michaelis constant – substrate concentration ...
... Vmax – rate at saturation for a given enzyme concentration in moles per unit time Km – Michaelis constant – substrate concentration ...
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... A.The suffix –ase is used to identify the specific enzymesubstrate pairing. B.The bonding sites of enzymes to substrates fit like pieces in a ...
... A.The suffix –ase is used to identify the specific enzymesubstrate pairing. B.The bonding sites of enzymes to substrates fit like pieces in a ...
2-Phospho
... product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Development of lactate sensor based on an extended gate FET with
... spectrophotometry [6]. Although they are valuable methods for L-lactate determination, they are arduous, time-consuming and laborious, and some of them also need some sample pre-treatment and reagent preparation. As a result, biosensors represent an alternative methods of analysis with potential adv ...
... spectrophotometry [6]. Although they are valuable methods for L-lactate determination, they are arduous, time-consuming and laborious, and some of them also need some sample pre-treatment and reagent preparation. As a result, biosensors represent an alternative methods of analysis with potential adv ...
Cellular Respiration
... protists) and some bacteria • Glycolysis (the first step) occurs in ALL organisms ...
... protists) and some bacteria • Glycolysis (the first step) occurs in ALL organisms ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.