Respiration 1 PDF
... Cellular Respiration Redox rxns = oxidation-reduction rxns • Transfer of electrons (e-) releases energy stored in organic molecules → this energy is ultimately used to generate ATP • Oxidation = loss of e- from one substance • Reduction = addition of e- to another substance • Na + Cl → Na+ + Cl• Na ...
... Cellular Respiration Redox rxns = oxidation-reduction rxns • Transfer of electrons (e-) releases energy stored in organic molecules → this energy is ultimately used to generate ATP • Oxidation = loss of e- from one substance • Reduction = addition of e- to another substance • Na + Cl → Na+ + Cl• Na ...
CHAPTER 8 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... 8. NADH delivers electrons to system; by the time electrons are received by O2, three ATP are formed. 9. If FADH2 delivers electrons to system, by the time electrons are received by O2, two ATP are formed. 10. Coenzymes and ATP Recycle a. Cell needs a limited supply of coenzymes NAD+ and FAD because ...
... 8. NADH delivers electrons to system; by the time electrons are received by O2, three ATP are formed. 9. If FADH2 delivers electrons to system, by the time electrons are received by O2, two ATP are formed. 10. Coenzymes and ATP Recycle a. Cell needs a limited supply of coenzymes NAD+ and FAD because ...
File
... As babies can’t digest solid food, using protease enzymes makes it easier for a baby’s digestive system to cope with it. Proteases are used to produce baby food from cow’s milk. The proteases break down milk proteins into amino acids, diminishing the risk of babies developing milk allergies. Particu ...
... As babies can’t digest solid food, using protease enzymes makes it easier for a baby’s digestive system to cope with it. Proteases are used to produce baby food from cow’s milk. The proteases break down milk proteins into amino acids, diminishing the risk of babies developing milk allergies. Particu ...
Cellular Respiration
... Cellular Respiration Redox rxns = oxidation-reduction rxns • Transfer of electrons (e-) releases energy stored in organic molecules this energy is ultimately used to generate ATP • Oxidation = loss of e- from one substance • Reduction = addition of e- to another substance ...
... Cellular Respiration Redox rxns = oxidation-reduction rxns • Transfer of electrons (e-) releases energy stored in organic molecules this energy is ultimately used to generate ATP • Oxidation = loss of e- from one substance • Reduction = addition of e- to another substance ...
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
... The enzyme has a covalently bound biotin cofactor. Since this enzyme functions in gluconeogenesis, it is allosterically regulated. This enzyme requires acetyl-CoA to be bound at an allosteric binding site in order to activate bicarbonate with ATP. PEP carboxylase is found in yeast, bacteria and plan ...
... The enzyme has a covalently bound biotin cofactor. Since this enzyme functions in gluconeogenesis, it is allosterically regulated. This enzyme requires acetyl-CoA to be bound at an allosteric binding site in order to activate bicarbonate with ATP. PEP carboxylase is found in yeast, bacteria and plan ...
Enzymes lecture 2
... main enzyme that synthesizes and hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose (cADPR), an intracellular Ca(2+)-mobilizing messenger. CD38 is thought to be a type II transmembrane protein with its carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain located on the outside of the cell; thus, the mechanism by which ...
... main enzyme that synthesizes and hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose (cADPR), an intracellular Ca(2+)-mobilizing messenger. CD38 is thought to be a type II transmembrane protein with its carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain located on the outside of the cell; thus, the mechanism by which ...
CHAPTER 9
... electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] 3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established. 4. The formation of the proton gradient i ...
... electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] 3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established. 4. The formation of the proton gradient i ...
enzymes - MrsGorukhomework
... Denatured – structural change so therefore the active site would not be a fit. • ph – have an optimum pH, are sensitive to change, sites get denatured at wrong pH (compartmentalization) • [enzyme] – as [enzyme] increases, so does reaction rate up to a certain point then stabilizes • [substrate] – as ...
... Denatured – structural change so therefore the active site would not be a fit. • ph – have an optimum pH, are sensitive to change, sites get denatured at wrong pH (compartmentalization) • [enzyme] – as [enzyme] increases, so does reaction rate up to a certain point then stabilizes • [substrate] – as ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Acetyl-coenzyme A is oxidized to CO 2
... Walker first determined the amino acid sequence of this enzyme, and then elaborated its 3 dimensional structure. Boyer showed that contrary to the previously accepted belief, the energy requiring step in making ATP is not the synthesis from ADP and phosphate, but the initial binding of the ADP and t ...
... Walker first determined the amino acid sequence of this enzyme, and then elaborated its 3 dimensional structure. Boyer showed that contrary to the previously accepted belief, the energy requiring step in making ATP is not the synthesis from ADP and phosphate, but the initial binding of the ADP and t ...
UNIT 3 – CELLULAR ENERGETICS Chapter 9
... Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. Identify where substrate-leve ...
... Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. Identify where substrate-leve ...
chapt07_lecture - Globe
... harvests energy-rich electrons through a cycle of oxidation reactions the electrons are passed to an electron transport chain in order to power the production of ATP ...
... harvests energy-rich electrons through a cycle of oxidation reactions the electrons are passed to an electron transport chain in order to power the production of ATP ...
The Kinetics of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
... • active site - a region of an enzyme comprised of different amino acids where catalysis occurs or a small portion of the surface of an enzyme which a specific chemical reaction is catalyzed • substrate - the molecule being utilized and/or modified by a particular enzyme at its active site • co-fact ...
... • active site - a region of an enzyme comprised of different amino acids where catalysis occurs or a small portion of the surface of an enzyme which a specific chemical reaction is catalyzed • substrate - the molecule being utilized and/or modified by a particular enzyme at its active site • co-fact ...
Multiple Choice Review- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... 38. How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to create one molecule of glucose? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6 39. Which of the following is the reduced form of a molecule used only in photosynthesis and not in cellular respiration? a. NADH b. FADH2 c. NAD+ d. NADPH 40. Which of the following is not a res ...
... 38. How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to create one molecule of glucose? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6 39. Which of the following is the reduced form of a molecule used only in photosynthesis and not in cellular respiration? a. NADH b. FADH2 c. NAD+ d. NADPH 40. Which of the following is not a res ...
Cellular Respiration - Ursuline High School
... from NADH and FADH2 to form ATP. Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP. Location: Mitochondria cristae. ...
... from NADH and FADH2 to form ATP. Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP. Location: Mitochondria cristae. ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... from NADH and FADH2 to form ATP. Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP. Location: Mitochondria cristae. ...
... from NADH and FADH2 to form ATP. Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP. Location: Mitochondria cristae. ...
Study Guide Cellular Respiration
... 35. The Link Reaction: Each of 2 Pyruvic Acid molecule must change to Acetic Acid (2C) which join CoA to form Acetyl CoA 36. Pyruvic Acid (3C) + CoA + NAD Acetyl CoA (2C) + NADH + CO2 37. Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle: All the enzymes for Citric Acid Cycle are present in inner chamber of Mitoch ...
... 35. The Link Reaction: Each of 2 Pyruvic Acid molecule must change to Acetic Acid (2C) which join CoA to form Acetyl CoA 36. Pyruvic Acid (3C) + CoA + NAD Acetyl CoA (2C) + NADH + CO2 37. Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle: All the enzymes for Citric Acid Cycle are present in inner chamber of Mitoch ...
CHAPTER 3: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
... Catabolism Our food contains three nutrients that our bodies break down and use as energy sources: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Anabolism Some of the building blocks for the synthesis of larger molecules come from intermediates in the pathways of catabolism. Catabolism also supplies the energy ...
... Catabolism Our food contains three nutrients that our bodies break down and use as energy sources: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Anabolism Some of the building blocks for the synthesis of larger molecules come from intermediates in the pathways of catabolism. Catabolism also supplies the energy ...
Biosynthesis of Nucleotides Biosynthesis of Nucleotides
... intracellular synthesis of DNA because it enters cells easily and its principle metabolic fate is salvage leading to incorporation into DNA. ...
... intracellular synthesis of DNA because it enters cells easily and its principle metabolic fate is salvage leading to incorporation into DNA. ...
Cell respiration Practice
... When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glyco ...
... When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glyco ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
... Cellular Respiration Is The Process That Releases Energy By Breaking Down Glucose In The Presence Of Oxygen Foothill High School Science Department ...
... Cellular Respiration Is The Process That Releases Energy By Breaking Down Glucose In The Presence Of Oxygen Foothill High School Science Department ...
Properties of Enzymes
... Many competitive inhibitors are substrate analogs. Compound (b) designed as an inhibitor of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase, that utilizes guanosine (a) as a substrate. (b) is a possible drug for the treatment of arthritis. Figure 5.13 ...
... Many competitive inhibitors are substrate analogs. Compound (b) designed as an inhibitor of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase, that utilizes guanosine (a) as a substrate. (b) is a possible drug for the treatment of arthritis. Figure 5.13 ...
Enzymes
... • Reverse Transcriptase – creates DNA from RNA • DNA Polymerase – makes new DNA for you • Lipase – Helps break down fats • Alcohol Dehyrogenase – breaks down alcohol in the body (makes it non toxic) There is an enzyme for just about any of your life needs!! ...
... • Reverse Transcriptase – creates DNA from RNA • DNA Polymerase – makes new DNA for you • Lipase – Helps break down fats • Alcohol Dehyrogenase – breaks down alcohol in the body (makes it non toxic) There is an enzyme for just about any of your life needs!! ...
lactic acid
... of nisin and a lipid II derivative in DMSO. Nisin is illustrated in red, the prenyl chain of lipid II is depicted in white, the phosphate atoms of the pyrophosphate group are shown in orange, and the muramic acid is portrayed in blue. The Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is shown in magenta and the penta ...
... of nisin and a lipid II derivative in DMSO. Nisin is illustrated in red, the prenyl chain of lipid II is depicted in white, the phosphate atoms of the pyrophosphate group are shown in orange, and the muramic acid is portrayed in blue. The Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is shown in magenta and the penta ...
Chapter 4
... • Insulin decreases blood glucose levels whereas glucagon increases blood glucose levels. ...
... • Insulin decreases blood glucose levels whereas glucagon increases blood glucose levels. ...
05 Cell Respiration Fermentation Anaerobic and
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.