Unit 4 (Bioenergetics - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration)
... 13. What is pyruvate, and what is its purpose? Half of a glucose. Take hydrogens (and electrons) from glucose to the mitochondria 14. What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2? Electron carriers. Take electrons from glucose to the electron transport chain. 15. Which stage finishes breaking down sugar a ...
... 13. What is pyruvate, and what is its purpose? Half of a glucose. Take hydrogens (and electrons) from glucose to the mitochondria 14. What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2? Electron carriers. Take electrons from glucose to the electron transport chain. 15. Which stage finishes breaking down sugar a ...
Cellular Respiration Part II: Glycolysis
... into two molecules of pyruvate • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases – Energy investment phase – Energy payoff phase ...
... into two molecules of pyruvate • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases – Energy investment phase – Energy payoff phase ...
Lecture 3: Glycolysis Part 2 - University of California, Berkeley
... Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilization so that both of the oxygen atoms carry a somewhat similar partial negative charge. With thioesters, because of the size difference ...
... Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilization so that both of the oxygen atoms carry a somewhat similar partial negative charge. With thioesters, because of the size difference ...
Investigation of the enzymatic processes depending on the ty
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
How Cells Release Chemical Energy
... Comparison of the Main Pathways Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate After glycolysis, the two pathways diverge • Fermentation is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose molecule • A ...
... Comparison of the Main Pathways Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate After glycolysis, the two pathways diverge • Fermentation is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose molecule • A ...
Document
... Comparison of the Main Pathways Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate After glycolysis, the two pathways diverge • Fermentation is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose molecule • A ...
... Comparison of the Main Pathways Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate After glycolysis, the two pathways diverge • Fermentation is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose molecule • A ...
Respiration Power Point
... • Put glucose with yeast and what were the two byproducts? • Carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol ...
... • Put glucose with yeast and what were the two byproducts? • Carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol ...
View PDF
... pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein, ATP synthase. • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP. • This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of potential energy in ...
... pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein, ATP synthase. • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP. • This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of potential energy in ...
Chapter 5 Active Lecture Questions
... b. the way cells produce CO2 c. a series of chemical reactions in which NADH is produced from the oxidation of pyruvic acid d. a method of producing ATP by phosphorylating ...
... b. the way cells produce CO2 c. a series of chemical reactions in which NADH is produced from the oxidation of pyruvic acid d. a method of producing ATP by phosphorylating ...
Bioenergetics
... Chemical energy enters the body as carbohydrates, fats and proteins, which are comprised of glucose molecules, fatty acids and amino acids, respectively o The body uses these substrates to produce ATP ...
... Chemical energy enters the body as carbohydrates, fats and proteins, which are comprised of glucose molecules, fatty acids and amino acids, respectively o The body uses these substrates to produce ATP ...
The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an ...
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an ...
Essay Prompt #1 - Cloudfront.net
... ___Ring Compounds w/Fe (porphyrin ring) ___Changing Oxidation states as "go down" assembly ___Fe III -> Fe II change ionic state as accept electrons ___Release energy in "packets" - small amounts sufficient to produce ATP (about 7 kcal/mole) ___Occurs at 3 places in the chain for each NADH, FADH2 __ ...
... ___Ring Compounds w/Fe (porphyrin ring) ___Changing Oxidation states as "go down" assembly ___Fe III -> Fe II change ionic state as accept electrons ___Release energy in "packets" - small amounts sufficient to produce ATP (about 7 kcal/mole) ___Occurs at 3 places in the chain for each NADH, FADH2 __ ...
Enzymes
... enzyme can catalyze the same reaction in parallel; this can allow more complex regulation: with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would ne ...
... enzyme can catalyze the same reaction in parallel; this can allow more complex regulation: with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would ne ...
Glycolysis Reactions
... Glycolysis Reactions Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. Glycolysis can be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially important pathway for organisms that c ...
... Glycolysis Reactions Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. Glycolysis can be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially important pathway for organisms that c ...
Metabolism: An Overview
... acted upon is “activated”. This activation process may involve the transfer of one or more phosphate groups from ATP to the metabolite by kinase enzymes or it may involve the transfer of the metabolite to a carrier molecule such as Coenzyme A. This activation process gets the metabolite ready for e ...
... acted upon is “activated”. This activation process may involve the transfer of one or more phosphate groups from ATP to the metabolite by kinase enzymes or it may involve the transfer of the metabolite to a carrier molecule such as Coenzyme A. This activation process gets the metabolite ready for e ...
9.1 Catabolic Pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
... 2. The ATP yield varies slightly depending on the type of shuttle used to transport electrons from the cytosol into the mitochondrion • The mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, so the two electrons of the NADH produced in glycolysis must be conveyed into the mitochondrion by one of s ...
... 2. The ATP yield varies slightly depending on the type of shuttle used to transport electrons from the cytosol into the mitochondrion • The mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, so the two electrons of the NADH produced in glycolysis must be conveyed into the mitochondrion by one of s ...
Structures and mechanisms
... activities of enzymes are determined by their three-dimensional structure.[20] However, although structure does determine function, predicting a novel enzyme's activity just from its structure is a very difficult problem that has not yet been solved.[21] Most enzymes are much larger than the substra ...
... activities of enzymes are determined by their three-dimensional structure.[20] However, although structure does determine function, predicting a novel enzyme's activity just from its structure is a very difficult problem that has not yet been solved.[21] Most enzymes are much larger than the substra ...
Cell Respiration Key
... Label the following picture. Use the following terms: ETC (electron transport chain), pyruvate, mitochondrial matrix, CO2, NADH, Krebs Cycle, Glycolysis, Cytoplasm, ATP, Glucose, inner membrane and FADH2. ...
... Label the following picture. Use the following terms: ETC (electron transport chain), pyruvate, mitochondrial matrix, CO2, NADH, Krebs Cycle, Glycolysis, Cytoplasm, ATP, Glucose, inner membrane and FADH2. ...
Unit-III Enzymes
... quite different from that in the industrial situations because of 1. Fragile structures of the living systems 2. Low kinetic energy of the reactants 3. Low concentration of the reactants 4. Toxicity of catalysts 5. Complexity of the biological systems ...
... quite different from that in the industrial situations because of 1. Fragile structures of the living systems 2. Low kinetic energy of the reactants 3. Low concentration of the reactants 4. Toxicity of catalysts 5. Complexity of the biological systems ...
Macromolecules Lab 1
... Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze (increase the rates of) chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. At any given moment, all of the work being done inside any cell is being done by enzymes. If you understand enzymes, you understand cells. A bacterium like E. coli has about 1, ...
... Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze (increase the rates of) chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. At any given moment, all of the work being done inside any cell is being done by enzymes. If you understand enzymes, you understand cells. A bacterium like E. coli has about 1, ...
Questions 6 Metabolism_1
... 4) Which of these is the most widely used form of energy in cell processes? a) glucose b) NADH c) pyruvate d) ATP e) citrate 5) The biochemical reaction, PEP + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP, is an example of which of these? a) An oxidation/reduction reaction. b) Oxidative phosphorylation. c) Substrate-level ...
... 4) Which of these is the most widely used form of energy in cell processes? a) glucose b) NADH c) pyruvate d) ATP e) citrate 5) The biochemical reaction, PEP + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP, is an example of which of these? a) An oxidation/reduction reaction. b) Oxidative phosphorylation. c) Substrate-level ...
KATABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT
... molekul as. pyruvat di sitoplasma, tidak membutuhkan oksigen, menghasilkan 2 ATP • Reaksi transisi- pyruvate dioksidasi menjadi 2acetyl group yang dibawa CoA, dan CO2 dilepas; terjadi dua kali per /tiap molekul ...
... molekul as. pyruvat di sitoplasma, tidak membutuhkan oksigen, menghasilkan 2 ATP • Reaksi transisi- pyruvate dioksidasi menjadi 2acetyl group yang dibawa CoA, dan CO2 dilepas; terjadi dua kali per /tiap molekul ...
Chapter 6
... Interaction Between Aerobic and Anaerobic ATP Production • Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between aerobic and anaerobic ...
... Interaction Between Aerobic and Anaerobic ATP Production • Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between aerobic and anaerobic ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.