Chapter Outline
... 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are ...
... 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are ...
respiratory chain
... energy released by electron transport will be lost in the form of heat. This explains the cause of hotness after intake of these substances. Examples: a) Oligomyein : This drug binds to the stalk of the ATP synthase, closes the H+ channel, and prevent re-entry of protons to the mitochondrial matrix. ...
... energy released by electron transport will be lost in the form of heat. This explains the cause of hotness after intake of these substances. Examples: a) Oligomyein : This drug binds to the stalk of the ATP synthase, closes the H+ channel, and prevent re-entry of protons to the mitochondrial matrix. ...
Cellular Respiration
... reactions, two energy carriers accept high-energy electrons. NAD+ is changed to NADH, and FAD is changed to FADH2. These molecules carry high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. The carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. ...
... reactions, two energy carriers accept high-energy electrons. NAD+ is changed to NADH, and FAD is changed to FADH2. These molecules carry high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. The carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. ...
Exam 3 Study Guide
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: Overall reaction, purpose of cofactors, metabolic purpose Citric acid Cycle: Structures of all intermediates, names of all intermediates, names of regulated enzymes, mechanisms presented in slides only Electron transport chain: know complexes by number, mobile carrier ...
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: Overall reaction, purpose of cofactors, metabolic purpose Citric acid Cycle: Structures of all intermediates, names of all intermediates, names of regulated enzymes, mechanisms presented in slides only Electron transport chain: know complexes by number, mobile carrier ...
Lecture 5 & 6 Metabolism S11 Chpt. 6 for HO
... pyruvate (3 C) → acetyl CoA (2 C) + CO2 (twice per glucose) •NADH ...
... pyruvate (3 C) → acetyl CoA (2 C) + CO2 (twice per glucose) •NADH ...
Review Questions for Advanced Biochemistry Course
... decreasing the GTPase activity of Gαs-stimulatory subunit decreasing the cAMP phosphodiesterase activity increasing protein phosphatase activity in the cell ...
... decreasing the GTPase activity of Gαs-stimulatory subunit decreasing the cAMP phosphodiesterase activity increasing protein phosphatase activity in the cell ...
Document
... In galactokinase deficiency galactosemia , high conc. are found in blood and urine. Infant develop cataracts, caused by deposition metabolite galactitol in the lens. Transferase deficiency galactosemia is more serious; It is characterized by poor growth in children, mental deficiency and liver damag ...
... In galactokinase deficiency galactosemia , high conc. are found in blood and urine. Infant develop cataracts, caused by deposition metabolite galactitol in the lens. Transferase deficiency galactosemia is more serious; It is characterized by poor growth in children, mental deficiency and liver damag ...
electron transport chain
... c. Synthetic uncouplers: Electron transport and phosphorylation can be uncoupled by compounds that increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons. The classic example is a 2,4-dinitrophenol, lipophilic proton carrier that readily diffuses through the mitochondial membrane. ...
... c. Synthetic uncouplers: Electron transport and phosphorylation can be uncoupled by compounds that increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons. The classic example is a 2,4-dinitrophenol, lipophilic proton carrier that readily diffuses through the mitochondial membrane. ...
Electron transport chain-2
... • Also called NADH-Coenzyme Q reductase because this large protein complex transfers 2 electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q. Complex I was known as NADH dehydrogenase. • Complex I (850,000 kD) contains a FMN prosthetic group which is absolutely required for activity and seven or more FeS clusters. • Th ...
... • Also called NADH-Coenzyme Q reductase because this large protein complex transfers 2 electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q. Complex I was known as NADH dehydrogenase. • Complex I (850,000 kD) contains a FMN prosthetic group which is absolutely required for activity and seven or more FeS clusters. • Th ...
PowerPoint
... Few mitochondria Lactate fermentation Produce ATP quickly, but not for long “white” meat in birds ...
... Few mitochondria Lactate fermentation Produce ATP quickly, but not for long “white” meat in birds ...
introduction - WordPress.com
... In eukaryotes, pyruvate moves into the mitochondria. It is converted into acetyl-CoA by decarboxylation and enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. The carbon backbone of these amino acids can become a source of e ...
... In eukaryotes, pyruvate moves into the mitochondria. It is converted into acetyl-CoA by decarboxylation and enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. The carbon backbone of these amino acids can become a source of e ...
Aerobic Respiration
... Reduced NAD and reduced FAD donate hydrogen atoms. The carriers become re oxidised in the process (due to loss of hydrogen) and return to glycolysis, link reaction or the krebs cycle to collect more hydrogen The hydrogen atoms split into protons (H+) and electrons. (occurs in the matrix) The electro ...
... Reduced NAD and reduced FAD donate hydrogen atoms. The carriers become re oxidised in the process (due to loss of hydrogen) and return to glycolysis, link reaction or the krebs cycle to collect more hydrogen The hydrogen atoms split into protons (H+) and electrons. (occurs in the matrix) The electro ...
Cell Respiration
... reactions. Finally, in a series of reactions, each of the two three-carbon sugar phosphates is converted to pyruvate. In the process, an energyrich hydrogen is harvested as NADH, and two ATP molecules are formed. ...
... reactions. Finally, in a series of reactions, each of the two three-carbon sugar phosphates is converted to pyruvate. In the process, an energyrich hydrogen is harvested as NADH, and two ATP molecules are formed. ...
Some prokaryotes use anaerobic respiration in which
... Other Types of Fermentation Other fermentation methods also occur in bacteria. Many prokaryotes are facultatively anaerobic. This means that they can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation, depending on the availability of oxygen. Certain prokaryotes, like Clostridia, are obligate anae ...
... Other Types of Fermentation Other fermentation methods also occur in bacteria. Many prokaryotes are facultatively anaerobic. This means that they can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation, depending on the availability of oxygen. Certain prokaryotes, like Clostridia, are obligate anae ...
energy
... A. Energy released when an energy source is oxidized can be conserved in the form of high energy chemical bonds. oxidation waste glucose products ADP + Pi ...
... A. Energy released when an energy source is oxidized can be conserved in the form of high energy chemical bonds. oxidation waste glucose products ADP + Pi ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... passed to oxygen which then picks up a pair of hydrogen ions, forming water FADH2 adds electrons to the chain starting at complex II Complexes I, III, and IV pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space resulting in a higher concentration on one side ...
... passed to oxygen which then picks up a pair of hydrogen ions, forming water FADH2 adds electrons to the chain starting at complex II Complexes I, III, and IV pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space resulting in a higher concentration on one side ...
9-5 fermentation reading KEY
... lactic acid fermentation, one step turns pyruvate into a waste molecule (lactic acid). In both cases, the sole purpose of wasting pyruvate like this is because in the process NADH is converted into NAD+. Normally this happens in the ETC. But without oxygen, the ETC can't run. Cells must have NAD+ in ...
... lactic acid fermentation, one step turns pyruvate into a waste molecule (lactic acid). In both cases, the sole purpose of wasting pyruvate like this is because in the process NADH is converted into NAD+. Normally this happens in the ETC. But without oxygen, the ETC can't run. Cells must have NAD+ in ...
Lecture 27
... Friday: Ketogenic vs. glucogenic (or both) amino acids-what common metabolites do this amino acids go towards? ...
... Friday: Ketogenic vs. glucogenic (or both) amino acids-what common metabolites do this amino acids go towards? ...
Lecture 2: Glycolysis Part 1 - Berkeley MCB
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
Cell Respiration
... The remaining will be produced by the ETC. The majority of the ATP produced comes from the energy carried in the electrons of NADH (and FADH2) that were produced by the Krebs Cycle. 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 The energy in these electrons is used in the ETC to power the synthesis of ATP. There are thousands ...
... The remaining will be produced by the ETC. The majority of the ATP produced comes from the energy carried in the electrons of NADH (and FADH2) that were produced by the Krebs Cycle. 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 The energy in these electrons is used in the ETC to power the synthesis of ATP. There are thousands ...
Perspectives in Nutrition, 8th Edition
... Anabolic: use small, simple compounds to build large, complex compounds; growth b. Catabolic: break down compounds into smaller units; weight loss or wasting c. In general, balance exists between anabolism and catabolism ...
... Anabolic: use small, simple compounds to build large, complex compounds; growth b. Catabolic: break down compounds into smaller units; weight loss or wasting c. In general, balance exists between anabolism and catabolism ...
Enzyme
... 1. O2 and food are used 2. CO2 and H2O are produced 3. Energy in food may be temporarily store in ATP or lost as heat 4. ATP is produced by oxidation of food (oxidative phosphorylation) 5. Hydrogen is transferred from food to NAD or NADP to form NADH or NADPH 6. ATP and NADH or NADPH are available t ...
... 1. O2 and food are used 2. CO2 and H2O are produced 3. Energy in food may be temporarily store in ATP or lost as heat 4. ATP is produced by oxidation of food (oxidative phosphorylation) 5. Hydrogen is transferred from food to NAD or NADP to form NADH or NADPH 6. ATP and NADH or NADPH are available t ...
Autotrophic growth on methanol by bacteria isolated from activated
... isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate. These reactions are catalysed by 3-hexulosephosphate synthase and phospho-3-hexuloisomerase, respectively [2,8]. The subsequent cleavage of fructose-6-phosphate leads to synthesis of (phospho)-trioses. The unique reactions of the ribulose bisphosphate cycle - p ...
... isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate. These reactions are catalysed by 3-hexulosephosphate synthase and phospho-3-hexuloisomerase, respectively [2,8]. The subsequent cleavage of fructose-6-phosphate leads to synthesis of (phospho)-trioses. The unique reactions of the ribulose bisphosphate cycle - p ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.