Cellular Respiration 2010
... a. All of the NADH and FADH2 give their electrons to the ETC to be turned into ATP b. Occurs Across mitochondria ...
... a. All of the NADH and FADH2 give their electrons to the ETC to be turned into ATP b. Occurs Across mitochondria ...
Enzymes
... living processes .the scope of biochemistry is as vast as life itself . Every aspect of life-birth, growth, reproduction, aging and death, involves biochemistry. For that matter, every moment of life is packed with hundreds of biochemical reactions. Biochemistry is the most rapidly developing and mo ...
... living processes .the scope of biochemistry is as vast as life itself . Every aspect of life-birth, growth, reproduction, aging and death, involves biochemistry. For that matter, every moment of life is packed with hundreds of biochemical reactions. Biochemistry is the most rapidly developing and mo ...
File - Mrs Jones A
... link reaction producing 1 molecule of NAD (reduced); Krebs cycle produces 3 NAD (reduced) (per turn of cycle); detail of any one step in respiration where NAD (reduced) is produced; Krebs cycle produces 1 FAD (reduced) (per turn of cycle); carriers / transfers, hydrogen to, inner mitochondrial membr ...
... link reaction producing 1 molecule of NAD (reduced); Krebs cycle produces 3 NAD (reduced) (per turn of cycle); detail of any one step in respiration where NAD (reduced) is produced; Krebs cycle produces 1 FAD (reduced) (per turn of cycle); carriers / transfers, hydrogen to, inner mitochondrial membr ...
Answer: ( c ) Relative specificity One of the main characteristics
... One of the main characteristics of enzymes is their high specificity. Enzymes are specific for: a) the substrate b) the reaction It means that they catalyze the transformation of just one substrate or a family of substrates that are structurally related, catalyzing only one of the possible reactions ...
... One of the main characteristics of enzymes is their high specificity. Enzymes are specific for: a) the substrate b) the reaction It means that they catalyze the transformation of just one substrate or a family of substrates that are structurally related, catalyzing only one of the possible reactions ...
lecture2
... The stomach contents (chyme) is introduced into the duodenum through the pyloric valve. The pancreatic and bile duct. open into the duodenum, their alkaline content neutralizes the pH of the chyme as a result of the influence of the hormones secretin which stimulates flow of pancreatic juice and cho ...
... The stomach contents (chyme) is introduced into the duodenum through the pyloric valve. The pancreatic and bile duct. open into the duodenum, their alkaline content neutralizes the pH of the chyme as a result of the influence of the hormones secretin which stimulates flow of pancreatic juice and cho ...
Glycolysis reaction (Investment phase)
... 1. Take one glucose (6 blue together). 2. Take one ATP (white stem with three yellow beads) and remove one P (yellow) and attach it to the end of the glucose. 3. Place the ADP on the table. 4. Take another ATP and do the same thing but attach the P to the other end of the glucose. 5. Take glucose wi ...
... 1. Take one glucose (6 blue together). 2. Take one ATP (white stem with three yellow beads) and remove one P (yellow) and attach it to the end of the glucose. 3. Place the ADP on the table. 4. Take another ATP and do the same thing but attach the P to the other end of the glucose. 5. Take glucose wi ...
AP Biology Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Guided Notes
... energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate • _________________ (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of ___________ • Glycolysis occurs in the ______________ and has ...
... energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate • _________________ (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of ___________ • Glycolysis occurs in the ______________ and has ...
Crustacean Physiology in Ribeirão Preto
... 2nd stage: Molecules are degraded to simple units that play a central role in metabolism. Most of them are converted into the acetyl unit of acetyl CoA. Some ATP is generated in this anaerobic stage, but amount is small compared with 3rd stage. 3rd stage: ATP is produced from the complete oxidation ...
... 2nd stage: Molecules are degraded to simple units that play a central role in metabolism. Most of them are converted into the acetyl unit of acetyl CoA. Some ATP is generated in this anaerobic stage, but amount is small compared with 3rd stage. 3rd stage: ATP is produced from the complete oxidation ...
Document
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of many organisms but in the chloroplasts of plant • In most higher eukaryotes, fatty acid synthase complex is found in cytosol. • Usually, NADPH carries electrons for anabolic reactions, and NAD+ in catabolic reactions. • In plants, NADPH is produced in t ...
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of many organisms but in the chloroplasts of plant • In most higher eukaryotes, fatty acid synthase complex is found in cytosol. • Usually, NADPH carries electrons for anabolic reactions, and NAD+ in catabolic reactions. • In plants, NADPH is produced in t ...
+ 2
... and acting as a unit in the mitochondrial matrix. It is often considered as a single enzyme, but it actually involves several different reactions with a product of one reaction serving as a reactant of the next reaction. Thus, it may be thought of as a metabolic pathway rather than a single metaboli ...
... and acting as a unit in the mitochondrial matrix. It is often considered as a single enzyme, but it actually involves several different reactions with a product of one reaction serving as a reactant of the next reaction. Thus, it may be thought of as a metabolic pathway rather than a single metaboli ...
Enzymes
... between rings 4 and 5. It is just at this point that the polysaccharide is broken. A molecule of water is inserted between these two hexoses, which breaks the chain. Here, then, is a structural view of what it means to lower activation energy. The energy needed to break this covalent bond is lower ...
... between rings 4 and 5. It is just at this point that the polysaccharide is broken. A molecule of water is inserted between these two hexoses, which breaks the chain. Here, then, is a structural view of what it means to lower activation energy. The energy needed to break this covalent bond is lower ...
Supplemental Text. Informational genes undergo inter
... firmicute donor. In bacteria, Na+/H+ antiporters exchange intracellular Na+, Li+, or tetracycline for extracellular protons, either to maintain pH or to reduce their toxic effects (44). These antiporters have been implicated in the response to alkaline stress in some bacteria (45) and upregulated in ...
... firmicute donor. In bacteria, Na+/H+ antiporters exchange intracellular Na+, Li+, or tetracycline for extracellular protons, either to maintain pH or to reduce their toxic effects (44). These antiporters have been implicated in the response to alkaline stress in some bacteria (45) and upregulated in ...
Krebs cycle
... Stoichiometry of the Citric Acid Cycle Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the form of acetyl CoA. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 . Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions (three molecules of NAD+ one molecule of FAD are reduced). One mo ...
... Stoichiometry of the Citric Acid Cycle Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the form of acetyl CoA. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 . Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions (three molecules of NAD+ one molecule of FAD are reduced). One mo ...
Chapter 20 Specific Catabolic Pathways: Carbohydrate, Lipid, and
... that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid. • Reaction 1: The fatty acid is activated by conversion to an acyl CoA. Activation is equivalent to the hydrolysis of two high-energy phosphate anhydrides. O R-CH2 -CH2 -C-OH + ATP + CoA-SH A fatty acid ...
... that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid. • Reaction 1: The fatty acid is activated by conversion to an acyl CoA. Activation is equivalent to the hydrolysis of two high-energy phosphate anhydrides. O R-CH2 -CH2 -C-OH + ATP + CoA-SH A fatty acid ...
O 2
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy
... the fuel to oxygen at one time. Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. At key steps, electrons are stripped from the glucose. In many oxidation reactions, the electron is transferred with a proton, as a hydrogen atom. ...
... the fuel to oxygen at one time. Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. At key steps, electrons are stripped from the glucose. In many oxidation reactions, the electron is transferred with a proton, as a hydrogen atom. ...
Amino Acid Metabolism
... and leucine yielding CO2, and acyl-CoA derivatives. • Shares ancestry with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, -KG dehydrogenase complex – another example of gene duplication ...
... and leucine yielding CO2, and acyl-CoA derivatives. • Shares ancestry with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, -KG dehydrogenase complex – another example of gene duplication ...
Anabolism
... chemical energy of the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring the high-energy electrons to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining energy to more ATP molecules. The other products are heat and water. The function of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in this las ...
... chemical energy of the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring the high-energy electrons to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining energy to more ATP molecules. The other products are heat and water. The function of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in this las ...
Metabolism IV
... nicotinamide ring is positively charged Most important cosubstrates in oxidationreduction reactions in aerobic organisms Structure courtesy of ...
... nicotinamide ring is positively charged Most important cosubstrates in oxidationreduction reactions in aerobic organisms Structure courtesy of ...
Assay the Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in Serum
... Enzymes in clinical diagnosis • An enzyme test is a blood test or urine test that measures levels of certain enzymes to assess how well the body’s systems are functioning and whether there has been any tissue damage. (why?) ...
... Enzymes in clinical diagnosis • An enzyme test is a blood test or urine test that measures levels of certain enzymes to assess how well the body’s systems are functioning and whether there has been any tissue damage. (why?) ...
Bio 210 Cell Chemistry Lecture 7 “Enzymes”
... The activation energy represents the uphill portion of the graph. As the reactants absorb energy, they become unstable. This is the “transition state”. As new bonds are formed, energy is released into the surroundings. This is the downhill portion of the curve which indicates a loss of free energy ...
... The activation energy represents the uphill portion of the graph. As the reactants absorb energy, they become unstable. This is the “transition state”. As new bonds are formed, energy is released into the surroundings. This is the downhill portion of the curve which indicates a loss of free energy ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 1 2 3 4
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Enzymes
... Enzymes are mostly proteins They are highly specific to a reaction They catalyze many reactions including breaking down nutrients, storing and releasing energy, creating new molecules, and coordinating biological reactions. Enzymes use an active site, but can be affected by bonding at other areas of ...
... Enzymes are mostly proteins They are highly specific to a reaction They catalyze many reactions including breaking down nutrients, storing and releasing energy, creating new molecules, and coordinating biological reactions. Enzymes use an active site, but can be affected by bonding at other areas of ...
Chapter 10 Summary
... There are three forms of thiamin in the body: free thiamin, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), and thiamin triphosphate (TTP). TPP functions as a coenzyme, catalyzing reactions that enable the body to use glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids for energy. Thiamin is also involved in the synthesis of DNA, R ...
... There are three forms of thiamin in the body: free thiamin, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), and thiamin triphosphate (TTP). TPP functions as a coenzyme, catalyzing reactions that enable the body to use glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids for energy. Thiamin is also involved in the synthesis of DNA, R ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.