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Unit 1 – Life on Earth
... 3: The ribosome reads 3 bases (called a codon) at a time and brings the amino acid associated with that codon into position to form a polypeptide chain. ...
... 3: The ribosome reads 3 bases (called a codon) at a time and brings the amino acid associated with that codon into position to form a polypeptide chain. ...
ATPs and - Walton High
... The ATP is actually produced by a proton motive force. This force is a store of potential energy created by the gradient formed when hydrogens (protons) are moved across a biological membrane. Therefore, the electron transport chain merely produces a gradient through which ATP can be made (this is k ...
... The ATP is actually produced by a proton motive force. This force is a store of potential energy created by the gradient formed when hydrogens (protons) are moved across a biological membrane. Therefore, the electron transport chain merely produces a gradient through which ATP can be made (this is k ...
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism
... 2. The amount of energy available to break and form chemical bonds is called 3. Reactions in which the products contain less free energy than the reactants tend to occur 4. Exergonic reactions a. Products contain less free energy or more disorder than reactants b. Reactions occur , release excess us ...
... 2. The amount of energy available to break and form chemical bonds is called 3. Reactions in which the products contain less free energy than the reactants tend to occur 4. Exergonic reactions a. Products contain less free energy or more disorder than reactants b. Reactions occur , release excess us ...
Problem Set 5 (Due February 25th) 1. Show how glucose can be
... This is necessary to prepare the hexose for the reverse aldol condensation. 3. Some organisms replenish the NAD+ pool using alcoholic fermentation which yields ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is a 2 step process according to the following chemical scheme: Pyruvate ⇌ Acetaldehyde + CO2 Acetaldehyde ...
... This is necessary to prepare the hexose for the reverse aldol condensation. 3. Some organisms replenish the NAD+ pool using alcoholic fermentation which yields ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is a 2 step process according to the following chemical scheme: Pyruvate ⇌ Acetaldehyde + CO2 Acetaldehyde ...
Name: Cell Biology Test #1: 50 points
... 16) a) True b) False: The same transcription factors are expressed at the same level in all eukaryotic cells. 17) Addition of ubiquitin to nascent _________causes its half life to be _____________. a) RNA, decreased b) RNA, increased c) protein, decreased d) protein, increased 18) a) True b) False: ...
... 16) a) True b) False: The same transcription factors are expressed at the same level in all eukaryotic cells. 17) Addition of ubiquitin to nascent _________causes its half life to be _____________. a) RNA, decreased b) RNA, increased c) protein, decreased d) protein, increased 18) a) True b) False: ...
Fall Semester Review - mychandlerschools.org
... –Electron transfer causes protein complexes to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane ...
... –Electron transfer causes protein complexes to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane ...
Module 10: Catabolism of Amino Acids
... when oleic acid, 18:1(Δ9), has undergone three cycles of β oxidation? 13. Below is list of events that occur during fatty acid oxidation. For each fatty acid drawn below, fill in the blank with the letter corresponding to any event required for 1 cycle of -oxidation of the acyl chain. (Note: -oxi ...
... when oleic acid, 18:1(Δ9), has undergone three cycles of β oxidation? 13. Below is list of events that occur during fatty acid oxidation. For each fatty acid drawn below, fill in the blank with the letter corresponding to any event required for 1 cycle of -oxidation of the acyl chain. (Note: -oxi ...
Nerve activates contraction
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. • Under aerobic c ...
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. • Under aerobic c ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... d) Enzymes strip these hydrogens from carbons of glucose during their oxidation and pass them to NAD+ and FAD to bring to the electron transport chain. e) The hydrolysis of ATP, or of GTP, supplies these hydrogens to this complex. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... d) Enzymes strip these hydrogens from carbons of glucose during their oxidation and pass them to NAD+ and FAD to bring to the electron transport chain. e) The hydrolysis of ATP, or of GTP, supplies these hydrogens to this complex. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
SLG MOCK MIDTERM – FOR PRACTICE ONLY
... E) All of the above 7. What category does the amino acid Cysteine that has the R group -CH2-SH belong to? A) Acidic B) Basic C) Polar D) Non-polar E) Hydrophobic 8. Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have ...
... E) All of the above 7. What category does the amino acid Cysteine that has the R group -CH2-SH belong to? A) Acidic B) Basic C) Polar D) Non-polar E) Hydrophobic 8. Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have ...
chapter-6-rev
... ATP. This reaction is a. respiration. b. fermentation. c. exergonic. d. endergonic. e. none of the above. For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they are shifted from an environment containing oxygen to an anaerobic environment, they must a. increase the rate of the citric acid cycle. b. prod ...
... ATP. This reaction is a. respiration. b. fermentation. c. exergonic. d. endergonic. e. none of the above. For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they are shifted from an environment containing oxygen to an anaerobic environment, they must a. increase the rate of the citric acid cycle. b. prod ...
Photosynthesis
... oxidation, the Krebs cycle, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, chemiosmotic phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism Differentiate between alcholic and lactic acid fermentation Explain the function of fermenation Explain why the electron transport chain and the Krebs cycle cannot wor ...
... oxidation, the Krebs cycle, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, chemiosmotic phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism Differentiate between alcholic and lactic acid fermentation Explain the function of fermenation Explain why the electron transport chain and the Krebs cycle cannot wor ...
I. Metabolism
... Many other carbon sources can be utilized by the specific enzyme systems in the microorganisms. Thus special microorganisms can be applied as “waste disposal units”, forming the basis of environmental biotechnology. Ex: microbial degradation of oils and fatty acids. ...
... Many other carbon sources can be utilized by the specific enzyme systems in the microorganisms. Thus special microorganisms can be applied as “waste disposal units”, forming the basis of environmental biotechnology. Ex: microbial degradation of oils and fatty acids. ...
Chapter 5:Bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation Q1: why is
... Q5: what are the site-specific inhibitors of the electron transport chain? Q6: Explain why NADH is oxidized by FMN? Q7: How is electron transport chain is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation? Q8: Explain why 2ATP are produced in glycerophosphate shuttle while 3ATP are produced by malate-aspartate s ...
... Q5: what are the site-specific inhibitors of the electron transport chain? Q6: Explain why NADH is oxidized by FMN? Q7: How is electron transport chain is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation? Q8: Explain why 2ATP are produced in glycerophosphate shuttle while 3ATP are produced by malate-aspartate s ...
Lecture Test 3 Review Sheet Chapter 6 Be able to define energy
... Know the definition of metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism. Know the difference between and endergonic and exergonic reaction. Know what ATP is, and how it is used to drive endergonic reactions using “coupled” reactions. Know what an enzyme is, and what the definition of a catalyst is. Know what a ...
... Know the definition of metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism. Know the difference between and endergonic and exergonic reaction. Know what ATP is, and how it is used to drive endergonic reactions using “coupled” reactions. Know what an enzyme is, and what the definition of a catalyst is. Know what a ...
Enzyme
... 8. Occurs only in light 9. Occurs in chloroplasts 10. Total photosynthesis must exceed total respiration for growth to occur ...
... 8. Occurs only in light 9. Occurs in chloroplasts 10. Total photosynthesis must exceed total respiration for growth to occur ...
Introduction into Cell Metabolism 1
... 5. Write the equation of glucose-6-phosphate cleavage by the action of glucose-6-phosphatase. 6. Write the equation of a reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase. 7. Write the equation of a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. 8. Which compound is a cofactor in both above-mentioned reac ...
... 5. Write the equation of glucose-6-phosphate cleavage by the action of glucose-6-phosphatase. 6. Write the equation of a reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase. 7. Write the equation of a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. 8. Which compound is a cofactor in both above-mentioned reac ...
Powerpoint - Castle High School
... of eukaryotic cells. (e) They typically work best at temperatures Answer: b below 37C. ...
... of eukaryotic cells. (e) They typically work best at temperatures Answer: b below 37C. ...
Slide 1
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of ...
Introduction to metabolism. Specific and general pathways of
... blocks. Stage II. Amino acids, fatty acids and glucose are oxidized to common metabolite (acetyl CoA) Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tiss ...
... blocks. Stage II. Amino acids, fatty acids and glucose are oxidized to common metabolite (acetyl CoA) Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tiss ...
Chemistry of Life Journal Assignment - Science-with
... 7. Identify and describe the chemical reaction by which organic polymers are synthesized, and the reaction by which they are broken down. 8. Describe the general composition of carbohydrates, and the primary function of these molecules in cells. 9. Describe three classes of carbohydrates and give th ...
... 7. Identify and describe the chemical reaction by which organic polymers are synthesized, and the reaction by which they are broken down. 8. Describe the general composition of carbohydrates, and the primary function of these molecules in cells. 9. Describe three classes of carbohydrates and give th ...
Document
... Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport chain without oxygen, the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down. Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the ele ...
... Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport chain without oxygen, the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down. Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the ele ...
1 - SMIC Nutrition Science
... Answer (key points): Ketogenesis is an anabolic process that feeds into the catabolic processes of energy generation in the brain and other tissues. Ketogenesis, which results in the synthesis of ketones, can spare the body from having to use amino acids to synthesize large amounts of glucose via gl ...
... Answer (key points): Ketogenesis is an anabolic process that feeds into the catabolic processes of energy generation in the brain and other tissues. Ketogenesis, which results in the synthesis of ketones, can spare the body from having to use amino acids to synthesize large amounts of glucose via gl ...
Bioenergetics Free Energy Change
... • R-C=O-S-R’ + H2O = RCOOH + R’-SH ∆Go’ = -30 kJ/mol • A common thioester encountered in metabolic pathways, particularly in fatty acid oxidation is acetyl-SCoA. • CH3-C=O-S-CoA + H2O = CH3COOH + CoA-SH ∆Go’ = -30 kJ/mol ...
... • R-C=O-S-R’ + H2O = RCOOH + R’-SH ∆Go’ = -30 kJ/mol • A common thioester encountered in metabolic pathways, particularly in fatty acid oxidation is acetyl-SCoA. • CH3-C=O-S-CoA + H2O = CH3COOH + CoA-SH ∆Go’ = -30 kJ/mol ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.