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AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... State the products in glycolysis. 1. Does glycolysis require oxygen? 2. Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? Glycolysis animation Activity 12: Look at this animation and answer the following questions: 1. What is the net gain of ATP per glucose? KREB CYCLE (also called the Citric Acid Cycle, the ...
... State the products in glycolysis. 1. Does glycolysis require oxygen? 2. Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? Glycolysis animation Activity 12: Look at this animation and answer the following questions: 1. What is the net gain of ATP per glucose? KREB CYCLE (also called the Citric Acid Cycle, the ...
ATP
... • Degradation of purines and pyrimidines produces uric acid and citric acid cycle intermediate/fatty acid synthesis precursor, respectively. • Purine and pyrimidine bases can be reused via the salvage pathway. • Many cancer chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., azaserine, acivicin, fluorouracil, and methot ...
... • Degradation of purines and pyrimidines produces uric acid and citric acid cycle intermediate/fatty acid synthesis precursor, respectively. • Purine and pyrimidine bases can be reused via the salvage pathway. • Many cancer chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., azaserine, acivicin, fluorouracil, and methot ...
Microbiology - Problem Drill 05: Microbial Metabolism Question No
... 2. Substrate level phosphorylation makes 2 molecules of ATP from ADP. During the formation of the two phosphorylated 3-carbon molecules 4 molecules of ATP are made. This results in a net gain of 2 ATP per ...
... 2. Substrate level phosphorylation makes 2 molecules of ATP from ADP. During the formation of the two phosphorylated 3-carbon molecules 4 molecules of ATP are made. This results in a net gain of 2 ATP per ...
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... – speed up the rate of reaction in biological processes (by lowering activation energy) – most are specific to one reaction ...
... – speed up the rate of reaction in biological processes (by lowering activation energy) – most are specific to one reaction ...
Bell Ringer (5 mins)
... outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them ...
... outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them ...
Proteolytic activation
... The clotting process must be precisely regulated -Clots must form rapidly. -Activated clotting factors are short-lived because they diluted by blood flow, removed by the liver, and degraded by proteases. -Factor V and VIII are digested by protein C, switched on by the action of thrombin -Thrombin h ...
... The clotting process must be precisely regulated -Clots must form rapidly. -Activated clotting factors are short-lived because they diluted by blood flow, removed by the liver, and degraded by proteases. -Factor V and VIII are digested by protein C, switched on by the action of thrombin -Thrombin h ...
Chapter 6
... Glycolysis is the first group of reactions that takes place in respiration. It means ‘breaking glucose apart’. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glucose is broken down in a series of steps, each catalysed by an enzyme. In the process, a small proportion ...
... Glycolysis is the first group of reactions that takes place in respiration. It means ‘breaking glucose apart’. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glucose is broken down in a series of steps, each catalysed by an enzyme. In the process, a small proportion ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • Fats must be digested to glycerol and fatty acids. • Glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis. • The rich energy of fatty acids is accessed as fatty acids are split into two-carbon fragments via beta oxidation. • These molecules enter the Krebs cycle as ...
... • Fats must be digested to glycerol and fatty acids. • Glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis. • The rich energy of fatty acids is accessed as fatty acids are split into two-carbon fragments via beta oxidation. • These molecules enter the Krebs cycle as ...
Chapter Three - people.iup.edu
... energy: in other words as an electron donor. • Anaerobic respiration: process in which electrons ...
... energy: in other words as an electron donor. • Anaerobic respiration: process in which electrons ...
Ativity 30
... • …are proteins – biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of a reaction. • …are highly specific; they only act only on a small number of substrates (often just one.) • …increase the rate of a chemical reaction. • …are re-used; they are not consumed in the reaction. E + S ES complex ...
... • …are proteins – biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of a reaction. • …are highly specific; they only act only on a small number of substrates (often just one.) • …increase the rate of a chemical reaction. • …are re-used; they are not consumed in the reaction. E + S ES complex ...
SADDLEBACK COLLEGE BIOLOGY 20 EXAMINATION 2 STUDY
... • Know the two laws of thermodynamics (Which laws are known as the conservation of energy?) • What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? • ATP - how it works • What are enzymes and how they work? Chapter 5 • what is an active site - what types of molecules bind there • know the factors that influenc ...
... • Know the two laws of thermodynamics (Which laws are known as the conservation of energy?) • What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? • ATP - how it works • What are enzymes and how they work? Chapter 5 • what is an active site - what types of molecules bind there • know the factors that influenc ...
Ch 8-10 Review Topics - Wahconah Science Department
... Enzymes What are they? What is their structure? How do they work? (Fig 8.16) What is substrate specificity? How do temperature, pH, and concentration on the substrate affect enzyme action? Differentiate between cofactors and coenzymes. Inhibitors: Differentiate between competitive and nonc ...
... Enzymes What are they? What is their structure? How do they work? (Fig 8.16) What is substrate specificity? How do temperature, pH, and concentration on the substrate affect enzyme action? Differentiate between cofactors and coenzymes. Inhibitors: Differentiate between competitive and nonc ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
Unit B review - mvhs
... IE and EA “increase” (although EA gets more neg) as you move right across a period, but radius decreases B Group I(A) elements have 1 valence e- (compared to 7), lower EA, larger radii, and lower IE D 2nd IE is removing an e- from a filled shell in Na and K, but since the e- is being removed from a ...
... IE and EA “increase” (although EA gets more neg) as you move right across a period, but radius decreases B Group I(A) elements have 1 valence e- (compared to 7), lower EA, larger radii, and lower IE D 2nd IE is removing an e- from a filled shell in Na and K, but since the e- is being removed from a ...
Examination questions
... 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in the energy exchange of living systems (foodstuffs for chemotrophs, three stages in the extraction of energy from nutrients, reducing equivalents), production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and by phosphorylation on the substrate level. Energy status of a c ...
... 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in the energy exchange of living systems (foodstuffs for chemotrophs, three stages in the extraction of energy from nutrients, reducing equivalents), production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and by phosphorylation on the substrate level. Energy status of a c ...
BIOCHEMISTRY I Spring 2013 (General medicine, Dental
... 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in the energy exchange of living systems (foodstuffs for chemotrophs, three stages in the extraction of energy from nutrients, reducing equivalents), production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and by phosphorylation on the substrate level. Energy status of a c ...
... 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in the energy exchange of living systems (foodstuffs for chemotrophs, three stages in the extraction of energy from nutrients, reducing equivalents), production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and by phosphorylation on the substrate level. Energy status of a c ...
Chapter 9
... A) because sulfur is needed for the molecule to enter the mitochondrion B) in order to utilize this portion of a B vitamin which would otherwise be a waste product from another pathway C) to provide a relatively unstable molecule whose acetyl portion can readily bind to oxaloacetate D) because it dr ...
... A) because sulfur is needed for the molecule to enter the mitochondrion B) in order to utilize this portion of a B vitamin which would otherwise be a waste product from another pathway C) to provide a relatively unstable molecule whose acetyl portion can readily bind to oxaloacetate D) because it dr ...
anaerobic respiration
... acid, takes place in cytoplasm, also the 1st step of anaerobic respiration) ► B. Krebs cycle (mitochondria) ► C. oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport chain (the most ATP release, mitochondria) ...
... acid, takes place in cytoplasm, also the 1st step of anaerobic respiration) ► B. Krebs cycle (mitochondria) ► C. oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport chain (the most ATP release, mitochondria) ...
Second Half of Glycolysis
... four ATP molecules and two molecules of NADH. Two ATP molecules were used in the first half of the pathway to prepare the six-carbon ring for cleavage, so the cell has a net gain of two ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules for its use. If the cell cannot catabolize the pyruvate molecules further, it w ...
... four ATP molecules and two molecules of NADH. Two ATP molecules were used in the first half of the pathway to prepare the six-carbon ring for cleavage, so the cell has a net gain of two ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules for its use. If the cell cannot catabolize the pyruvate molecules further, it w ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
Document
... area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to generate ATP. The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, which the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric a ...
... area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to generate ATP. The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, which the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric a ...
PG1005 Lecture 11 Glycolysis
... oxidation yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
... oxidation yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficient manner ...
SCH 3U - othsmath
... ensuring the valence electrons are moved further and further from the nucleus. This increases the shielding provided by non-valence electrons, decreases the ENC (even though the number of protons in the nucleus is increasing) and causes the atomic radius to increase. Thus, the further down the group ...
... ensuring the valence electrons are moved further and further from the nucleus. This increases the shielding provided by non-valence electrons, decreases the ENC (even though the number of protons in the nucleus is increasing) and causes the atomic radius to increase. Thus, the further down the group ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.