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Electrochemistry Lecture
... 1. For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O2, Cl2 …) Ox# = 0 2. For a monatomic ion: Ox# = ion charge 3. The sum of Ox# values for the atoms in a compound equals zero. The sum of Ox# values for the atoms in a polyatomic ion equals the ion charge. Rules for specific atoms or periodic table groups. 1. ...
... 1. For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O2, Cl2 …) Ox# = 0 2. For a monatomic ion: Ox# = ion charge 3. The sum of Ox# values for the atoms in a compound equals zero. The sum of Ox# values for the atoms in a polyatomic ion equals the ion charge. Rules for specific atoms or periodic table groups. 1. ...
Respiration - Indian River Research and Education Center
... energy (ATP) & heat are produced –ATP molecules are intermediate energy molecules that are easily transported within a cell to sites of action –At sites of action, ATP is coupled to different processes to “power” them –Energy that is not captured as ATP (or other molecule), or is not completely u ...
... energy (ATP) & heat are produced –ATP molecules are intermediate energy molecules that are easily transported within a cell to sites of action –At sites of action, ATP is coupled to different processes to “power” them –Energy that is not captured as ATP (or other molecule), or is not completely u ...
Enzymes lecture 2
... main enzyme that synthesizes and hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose (cADPR), an intracellular Ca(2+)-mobilizing messenger. CD38 is thought to be a type II transmembrane protein with its carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain located on the outside of the cell; thus, the mechanism by which ...
... main enzyme that synthesizes and hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose (cADPR), an intracellular Ca(2+)-mobilizing messenger. CD38 is thought to be a type II transmembrane protein with its carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain located on the outside of the cell; thus, the mechanism by which ...
Chapter 3
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP • Th ...
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP • Th ...
Metabolic Processes
... y In order to change this energy into ATP synthesis, high energy electrons are handed off to the electron transport chain, which is a series of enzyme complexes that carry and pass electrons along from one to another. y These complexes do the folds of mitochondria. y The electron transport cha ...
... y In order to change this energy into ATP synthesis, high energy electrons are handed off to the electron transport chain, which is a series of enzyme complexes that carry and pass electrons along from one to another. y These complexes do the folds of mitochondria. y The electron transport cha ...
WSFNR-17-13 Coder - Warnell School of Forestry and Natural
... cycle. The 3C product is the normal input into a mitochondria. Having two glycolysis end products is a great advantage for a tree, compared with glycolysis in an animal with only one end product. Trees have great flexibility in processing carbon chains, sustaining process cycles, and generating ener ...
... cycle. The 3C product is the normal input into a mitochondria. Having two glycolysis end products is a great advantage for a tree, compared with glycolysis in an animal with only one end product. Trees have great flexibility in processing carbon chains, sustaining process cycles, and generating ener ...
Biochem 330 Fall 2011 Problem Set II Enzyme Catalysis, Glycolysis
... 6. In testing the catalytic mechanism of gly-8, phosphoglycerate mutase, mutant enzymes were prepared with each of the possible mutations below: a) HisA at the binding/active site was changed to Arg. b) HisB at the binding/active site was changed to Tyr. c) Lys at the binding/active site was changed ...
... 6. In testing the catalytic mechanism of gly-8, phosphoglycerate mutase, mutant enzymes were prepared with each of the possible mutations below: a) HisA at the binding/active site was changed to Arg. b) HisB at the binding/active site was changed to Tyr. c) Lys at the binding/active site was changed ...
Energy and Metabolism
... – Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes • Cells are governed by the laws of physics and chemistry • Energy flows into the biological world from the sun • Photosynthetic organisms capture this energy • Stored as potential energy in chemical bonds ...
... – Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes • Cells are governed by the laws of physics and chemistry • Energy flows into the biological world from the sun • Photosynthetic organisms capture this energy • Stored as potential energy in chemical bonds ...
Intermediate 2 Biology Revision
... 3. The term given to a cell sat in a solution of the same water and solute concentration (when there is no net movement) 4. Term given to plant cells when they swell due to water gain 5. Term given to plants when plant cells loose too much water. 6. Describe the appearance of a plant cell that has l ...
... 3. The term given to a cell sat in a solution of the same water and solute concentration (when there is no net movement) 4. Term given to plant cells when they swell due to water gain 5. Term given to plants when plant cells loose too much water. 6. Describe the appearance of a plant cell that has l ...
Biochemistry Lecture 16
... • Through CH3 of acetyl • Transient intermediate: citroyl CoA – Energy rel’d from cleavage acetylCoA • Why? What grps impt to exergonic rxn ...
... • Through CH3 of acetyl • Transient intermediate: citroyl CoA – Energy rel’d from cleavage acetylCoA • Why? What grps impt to exergonic rxn ...
Cell Biology Lecture Notes
... The law of thermodynamic spontaneity All reactions that occur spontaneously result in a decrease in the free energy content of the system In the cells: 1) Some reactions are thermodynamic feasible but do not occur at appreciable rates 2) The only reactions that occur at appreciable rates are those f ...
... The law of thermodynamic spontaneity All reactions that occur spontaneously result in a decrease in the free energy content of the system In the cells: 1) Some reactions are thermodynamic feasible but do not occur at appreciable rates 2) The only reactions that occur at appreciable rates are those f ...
lecture6-BW
... Proteins are broken down to amino acids and the amino acids are broken down Amino group is removed, ammonia forms, is converted to urea and excreted Carbon backbones can enter the Krebs cycle or its ...
... Proteins are broken down to amino acids and the amino acids are broken down Amino group is removed, ammonia forms, is converted to urea and excreted Carbon backbones can enter the Krebs cycle or its ...
metabolism
... generator of ATP Chain of redox carriers that receive electrons from reduced NADH and FADH2 (from TCA cycle) ETS shuttles electrons down the chain, energy is released and subsequently captured and used by ATP synthase complexes to produce ATP. – oxidative phosphorylation ...
... generator of ATP Chain of redox carriers that receive electrons from reduced NADH and FADH2 (from TCA cycle) ETS shuttles electrons down the chain, energy is released and subsequently captured and used by ATP synthase complexes to produce ATP. – oxidative phosphorylation ...
Chapter 4 - Brock University
... (red/ox) reactions that are linked to the pumping of protons out of the matrix. If we think about there being thousands of each individual respiratory complex present in each mitochondrion, we can then recognize that, at any point in time, some portion of them will be reduced and some portion oxidiz ...
... (red/ox) reactions that are linked to the pumping of protons out of the matrix. If we think about there being thousands of each individual respiratory complex present in each mitochondrion, we can then recognize that, at any point in time, some portion of them will be reduced and some portion oxidiz ...
Kreb`s cycle - Secondary Education
... result of electron transport? The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. As H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy AT ...
... result of electron transport? The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. As H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy AT ...
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... Electron- subatomic particle with a negative charge and very little mass. Travels around the nucleus in the electron cloud that contains specific energy levels. ...
... Electron- subatomic particle with a negative charge and very little mass. Travels around the nucleus in the electron cloud that contains specific energy levels. ...
AMPK and mTOR: Antagonist ATP Sensors
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body’s primary energy source. The molecule of ATP, referred to as a “high-energy phosphate”, is made up of adenine and ribose (adenosine) bonded to three phosphates (Pi- phosphorus and oxygen). The energy stored in ATP is held in the two outermost phosphate bonds. ...
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body’s primary energy source. The molecule of ATP, referred to as a “high-energy phosphate”, is made up of adenine and ribose (adenosine) bonded to three phosphates (Pi- phosphorus and oxygen). The energy stored in ATP is held in the two outermost phosphate bonds. ...
Chapter 9 - John A. Ferguson Senior High School
... to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP ...
... to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP ...
Chapter 8: Periodic Properties of the Elements
... electrons means electrons in the 2s sublevel experience a greater attractive force to the nucleus and are not shielded as effectively • Penetration causes the energies of sublevels in the same principal level to not be degenerate (2s and 2p are different energies) • In the 4th and 5th principle leve ...
... electrons means electrons in the 2s sublevel experience a greater attractive force to the nucleus and are not shielded as effectively • Penetration causes the energies of sublevels in the same principal level to not be degenerate (2s and 2p are different energies) • In the 4th and 5th principle leve ...
Organic Molecules
... • Temperature: an increase will cause proteins to break down • pH • Enzyme-Substrate Concentration: equal amount of enzyme and substrate particles ...
... • Temperature: an increase will cause proteins to break down • pH • Enzyme-Substrate Concentration: equal amount of enzyme and substrate particles ...
Lh6Ch11aMembranes
... – The function of biological membranes – The structure and composition membranes and their molecules – Dynamics of membranes – Structure and function of membrane proteins – Transport across biological membranes ...
... – The function of biological membranes – The structure and composition membranes and their molecules – Dynamics of membranes – Structure and function of membrane proteins – Transport across biological membranes ...
Aerobic & Anaerobic Metabolism in Muscles
... Large amounts of glucose are used for very small ATP returns. Lactic acid is produced whose presence contributes to muscle fatigue ...
... Large amounts of glucose are used for very small ATP returns. Lactic acid is produced whose presence contributes to muscle fatigue ...
Exam#2-`95
... b. NADH, FADH2 c. FADH2, FADH2 d. FADH2, NADH e. ADP, ATP 11. The two main sources of proton release during catabolism in skeletal muscle are, a. pyruvate and lactate b. amino acid oxidation and lipolysis c. electron transport and TCA cycle d. NAD+ and FAD+ e. glycolysis and ATP hydrolysis 12. Two i ...
... b. NADH, FADH2 c. FADH2, FADH2 d. FADH2, NADH e. ADP, ATP 11. The two main sources of proton release during catabolism in skeletal muscle are, a. pyruvate and lactate b. amino acid oxidation and lipolysis c. electron transport and TCA cycle d. NAD+ and FAD+ e. glycolysis and ATP hydrolysis 12. Two i ...
MATTER INTO ENERGY ENERGY INTO MATTER - TJ
... 1. Energy is required for all cellular biochemical reactions in a body. Energy causes molecules in the cells to be rearranged. This is a matter-energy relationship for biology. • Adenosine TriPhosphate- The molecule that is commonly used as a direct source of energy by organisms. A molecule that is ...
... 1. Energy is required for all cellular biochemical reactions in a body. Energy causes molecules in the cells to be rearranged. This is a matter-energy relationship for biology. • Adenosine TriPhosphate- The molecule that is commonly used as a direct source of energy by organisms. A molecule that is ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.