Biological Pathways II: Metabolic Pathways
... •Metabolic pathways are irreversible. Biological systems are governed by thermodynamics! For a process to be spontaneous ∆G must be negative • Every metabolic pathway has a committed step. Usually the first irreversible step unique to a pathway. Usually an important site of regulation • Catabolic an ...
... •Metabolic pathways are irreversible. Biological systems are governed by thermodynamics! For a process to be spontaneous ∆G must be negative • Every metabolic pathway has a committed step. Usually the first irreversible step unique to a pathway. Usually an important site of regulation • Catabolic an ...
Chem 400 Biochemistry I
... plant sciences) All advanced degrees require that biochemistry is one of the first courses •This class will be taught not - as an advanced organic but as an encompassing science that should help tie several of your classes ...
... plant sciences) All advanced degrees require that biochemistry is one of the first courses •This class will be taught not - as an advanced organic but as an encompassing science that should help tie several of your classes ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... blocks. Stage II. Amino acids, fatty acids and glucose are oxidized to common metabolite (acetyl CoA) Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tiss ...
... blocks. Stage II. Amino acids, fatty acids and glucose are oxidized to common metabolite (acetyl CoA) Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tiss ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General
... a. During glycolysis, 4 ATPs are produced but a net gain of only 2 ATPs (two are needed to start the process); also generate 2 NADHs b. During the transition rx, 2 NADHs are formed c. During each revolution of the citric acid cycle, one ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 d. Generate a total of 38 ATP (3 per each ...
... a. During glycolysis, 4 ATPs are produced but a net gain of only 2 ATPs (two are needed to start the process); also generate 2 NADHs b. During the transition rx, 2 NADHs are formed c. During each revolution of the citric acid cycle, one ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 d. Generate a total of 38 ATP (3 per each ...
Biological Pathways I
... •Metabolic pathways are irreversible. Biological systems are governed by thermodynamics! For a process to be spontaneous ∆G must be negative • Every metabolic pathway has a committed step. Usually the first irreversible step unique to a pathway. Usually an important site of regulation • Catabolic an ...
... •Metabolic pathways are irreversible. Biological systems are governed by thermodynamics! For a process to be spontaneous ∆G must be negative • Every metabolic pathway has a committed step. Usually the first irreversible step unique to a pathway. Usually an important site of regulation • Catabolic an ...
LECTURES 5, 6 Membrane protein lecture
... The electrochemical gradient is the combination of concentration and charge differences across the membrane. ...
... The electrochemical gradient is the combination of concentration and charge differences across the membrane. ...
Document
... Krebs cycle: – Pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is produced in the cytoplasm, than it is transported into the mitochondrial matrix (inside the inner membrane), and converted into acetyl CoA. – Fatty acids, from the breakdown of lipids, are also transported into the matrix and converted to ...
... Krebs cycle: – Pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is produced in the cytoplasm, than it is transported into the mitochondrial matrix (inside the inner membrane), and converted into acetyl CoA. – Fatty acids, from the breakdown of lipids, are also transported into the matrix and converted to ...
Cell Energy - Land of Mayo
... It is similar to respiration, but without oxygen that produces very little energy After the usual anaerobic stage of respiration there can be two different pathways for the pyruvic acid without oxygen: 1. glucose can be metabolized to ethyl alcohol + 2 ATP (yeast) (called alcoholic fermentatio ...
... It is similar to respiration, but without oxygen that produces very little energy After the usual anaerobic stage of respiration there can be two different pathways for the pyruvic acid without oxygen: 1. glucose can be metabolized to ethyl alcohol + 2 ATP (yeast) (called alcoholic fermentatio ...
AKA TCA CYCLE, KREB`S CYCLE
... 1. lactate formation from glucose has a ∆ G°' = -47 kcal/mol; the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H 2O has a ∆ G = -686 kcal/mol •aerobic organisms trap this extra energy in the form of ATP the yield of ATP is about 19 times greater than in glycolysis 2. the aerobic oxidation of glucose inv ...
... 1. lactate formation from glucose has a ∆ G°' = -47 kcal/mol; the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H 2O has a ∆ G = -686 kcal/mol •aerobic organisms trap this extra energy in the form of ATP the yield of ATP is about 19 times greater than in glycolysis 2. the aerobic oxidation of glucose inv ...
Biology 4A Exam 2 Study Guide The exam will consist of multiple
... Know the two laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to chemical reactions & living systems. What’s the difference between a closed and open system? What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? Examples of each. What is free energy? Know the factors that affect free energy. Know the equation ...
... Know the two laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to chemical reactions & living systems. What’s the difference between a closed and open system? What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? Examples of each. What is free energy? Know the factors that affect free energy. Know the equation ...
Elucidating the complete reaction cycle for membrane
... as the hydrolysis of ATP. Membrane-bound pyrophosphatases (MPPases) are helical transmembrane enzymes that couple the hydrolysis of PPi to the pumping of protons (H+) and/or sodium ions (Na+) across a membrane, generating a chemical and electrical potential. This potential can be used to drive other ...
... as the hydrolysis of ATP. Membrane-bound pyrophosphatases (MPPases) are helical transmembrane enzymes that couple the hydrolysis of PPi to the pumping of protons (H+) and/or sodium ions (Na+) across a membrane, generating a chemical and electrical potential. This potential can be used to drive other ...
Bio 20 enzymes and nutrition notes
... radiation or changes in pH, the hydrogen bonds that hold proteins together break down, disrupting the configuration/shape of the protein. This process is called protein denaturation. When the change is irreversible, the process is called coagulation. Boiling an egg, or cooking meat is an example of ...
... radiation or changes in pH, the hydrogen bonds that hold proteins together break down, disrupting the configuration/shape of the protein. This process is called protein denaturation. When the change is irreversible, the process is called coagulation. Boiling an egg, or cooking meat is an example of ...
AP Bio Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1. What is the term for
... c. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. d. the difference in H concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. e. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. 26. Where is ATP synthase locat ...
... c. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. d. the difference in H concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. e. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. 26. Where is ATP synthase locat ...
pptx: energysys4exsci
... the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. Cells require chemical energy for three general types of tasks: to drive metabolic reactions that would not occur automatically; to transport needed substances across membranes; and to do mechanical work, such as movin ...
... the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. Cells require chemical energy for three general types of tasks: to drive metabolic reactions that would not occur automatically; to transport needed substances across membranes; and to do mechanical work, such as movin ...
Glycolysis
... 10 NADH pass on 2e- each 20 e2 FADH2 pass on 2e- each 4 eEach oxygen atom has room for 2 electrons in outer ...
... 10 NADH pass on 2e- each 20 e2 FADH2 pass on 2e- each 4 eEach oxygen atom has room for 2 electrons in outer ...
Metabolism Review - Brookings School District
... 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic fun ...
... 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic fun ...
Chapter 6, Section 3
... Organic: contains carbon ◦ All living things contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) Monomer: created when C,H,O, N, P bond together to form small molecules Polymer: large compounds that are formed by joining monomers together ...
... Organic: contains carbon ◦ All living things contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) Monomer: created when C,H,O, N, P bond together to form small molecules Polymer: large compounds that are formed by joining monomers together ...
Some application of d block metal in biology
... (a) Ferritin has the shape of a hollow sphere. Inside the sphere, Fe is stored in the Fe(III) oxidation state. It is incorporated in the mineral ferrihydrite, [FeO(OH)]8[FeO(H2PO4)], which is attached to the inner wall of the sphere. (b) To release Fe when the body needs it, the Fe must be changed ...
... (a) Ferritin has the shape of a hollow sphere. Inside the sphere, Fe is stored in the Fe(III) oxidation state. It is incorporated in the mineral ferrihydrite, [FeO(OH)]8[FeO(H2PO4)], which is attached to the inner wall of the sphere. (b) To release Fe when the body needs it, the Fe must be changed ...
PPT Nts Cellular Respiration
... 2. ADP : intermembrane space matrix ATP molecules diffuse through large pores in outer mitochondrial membrane and into cytosol ...
... 2. ADP : intermembrane space matrix ATP molecules diffuse through large pores in outer mitochondrial membrane and into cytosol ...
Different transport mechanisms Aqueous diffusion Lipid
... positively charged proton • Unionized form more lipid soluble, more easily absorbed • Predicted by Henderson Hasselbalch equation log [acid form HA/base form A-] = pKa - pH ...
... positively charged proton • Unionized form more lipid soluble, more easily absorbed • Predicted by Henderson Hasselbalch equation log [acid form HA/base form A-] = pKa - pH ...
METABOLISM
... various organic acids. 5. For every two molecules of acetyl CoA that enters the TCA cycle, 6 H+, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced by oxidation-reduction reactions and two molecules of ATP are generated. Electron Transport System: 1. Involves a sequence of electron carrier molecules on the inner mitoc ...
... various organic acids. 5. For every two molecules of acetyl CoA that enters the TCA cycle, 6 H+, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced by oxidation-reduction reactions and two molecules of ATP are generated. Electron Transport System: 1. Involves a sequence of electron carrier molecules on the inner mitoc ...
You Light Up My Life
... Electrons from first-stage reactions are delivered to NAD+ in mitochondria ...
... Electrons from first-stage reactions are delivered to NAD+ in mitochondria ...
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
... When a phosphate bond is broken in the ATP molecule, 7.3kcal of energy is given off and used by the cell to power endergonic reactions. This process is called coupling. Coupling is when an endergonic reaction is “coupled” to the breaking of a phosphate bond from ATP. ...
... When a phosphate bond is broken in the ATP molecule, 7.3kcal of energy is given off and used by the cell to power endergonic reactions. This process is called coupling. Coupling is when an endergonic reaction is “coupled” to the breaking of a phosphate bond from ATP. ...
Chemistry - StudyTime NZ
... hence an electron arrangement of 2, 6. This means it has 6 electrons in its valence shell. It must hence gain 2 electrons to have an outer shell of 8 electrons. Magnesium has 12 electrons and ...
... hence an electron arrangement of 2, 6. This means it has 6 electrons in its valence shell. It must hence gain 2 electrons to have an outer shell of 8 electrons. Magnesium has 12 electrons and ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.