CELL MEMBRANES LEARNING OBJECTIVES • At the end
... Selective permeability: integral membrane proteins allow the cell to be selective about what passes through the membrane. Channel proteins have a polar interior allowing polar molecules to pass through. Carrier proteins bind to a specific molecule to facilitate its passage. PASSIVE TRANSPORT Channel ...
... Selective permeability: integral membrane proteins allow the cell to be selective about what passes through the membrane. Channel proteins have a polar interior allowing polar molecules to pass through. Carrier proteins bind to a specific molecule to facilitate its passage. PASSIVE TRANSPORT Channel ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Electrons from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix during citric acid cycle are oxidized by an NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), and electrons are then transferred to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) located within the inner membrane. Ubiquinone also receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 (complex I ...
... Electrons from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix during citric acid cycle are oxidized by an NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), and electrons are then transferred to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) located within the inner membrane. Ubiquinone also receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 (complex I ...
BIO 1109 – Principles of Biology Midterm examination 2
... 30 pts Part 4: Use one or two words to answer the question, or complete the sentence. Place your answer in the space provided or at the end of the question if the line is missing. 4.1 Solar energy is stored in ATP and this compound during photosynthesis ___NADPH_______ 4.2 This metabolic process pro ...
... 30 pts Part 4: Use one or two words to answer the question, or complete the sentence. Place your answer in the space provided or at the end of the question if the line is missing. 4.1 Solar energy is stored in ATP and this compound during photosynthesis ___NADPH_______ 4.2 This metabolic process pro ...
The Use of the Energy in ATP for Muscle Contractions
... •Muscle contractions require the use of actin filaments and myosin molecular motors. •The movable myosin heads pull along the actin, causing muscles to shorten. •This process is driven by the release of energy from an ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecule. •As such, ATP is the major energy currency ...
... •Muscle contractions require the use of actin filaments and myosin molecular motors. •The movable myosin heads pull along the actin, causing muscles to shorten. •This process is driven by the release of energy from an ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecule. •As such, ATP is the major energy currency ...
General Chemistry 110 Quiz 1
... tripeptide derivative glutathione in a reduced state. In this process . . . A. NADPH is reduced as glutathione is reduced B. NADPH is oxidized as glutathione is reduced C. None of the above ...
... tripeptide derivative glutathione in a reduced state. In this process . . . A. NADPH is reduced as glutathione is reduced B. NADPH is oxidized as glutathione is reduced C. None of the above ...
Slide 1
... All of these processes represent a significant amount of electron transfer to oxygen without concomitant ATP synthesis and all become much more active when exercising hard, creating interesting complications when trying to interpret oxygen consumption and its association with athletic performance. W ...
... All of these processes represent a significant amount of electron transfer to oxygen without concomitant ATP synthesis and all become much more active when exercising hard, creating interesting complications when trying to interpret oxygen consumption and its association with athletic performance. W ...
Block 1: Pathology Dr. Rosenzweig Test 1: Free Radicals Oxidative
... superoxide anion O2 and H2O2 in presence of water conversion of H2O2 by SOD decomposition to H2O by glutathione peroxidase, catalase antioxidants: block FR formation/inactivate FRs o eg: lipid-soluble vitamins E and A; ascorbic acid and glutathione in cytosol Free Fe and Cu catalyze formation of RO ...
... superoxide anion O2 and H2O2 in presence of water conversion of H2O2 by SOD decomposition to H2O by glutathione peroxidase, catalase antioxidants: block FR formation/inactivate FRs o eg: lipid-soluble vitamins E and A; ascorbic acid and glutathione in cytosol Free Fe and Cu catalyze formation of RO ...
Understanding Our Environment
... Stores CO2 in 4 carbon acid Separates CO2 fixation from sugar synthesis in SPACE(Bundle sheath vs mesophyll space) Adaptations to TROPICAL environments ...
... Stores CO2 in 4 carbon acid Separates CO2 fixation from sugar synthesis in SPACE(Bundle sheath vs mesophyll space) Adaptations to TROPICAL environments ...
some of Chapter 25
... the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in (a cell) an organism ...
... the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in (a cell) an organism ...
Summary/Reflection of Dan Freedman`s article, Science Education
... 3. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a common source of activation energy for metabolic reactions. a. The last two phosphate groups are high-energy bonds. b. When ATP supplies energy to a reaction, it is usually the energy in the last bond that is delivered to the reaction. c. In the process of giving ...
... 3. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a common source of activation energy for metabolic reactions. a. The last two phosphate groups are high-energy bonds. b. When ATP supplies energy to a reaction, it is usually the energy in the last bond that is delivered to the reaction. c. In the process of giving ...
Lecture 7
... B) be turned off when enough (ATP) energy is available. C) be turned on when more (ATP) energy is needed. D) be regulated in a dual way, both by activation when more ATP energy is needed and by inactivation when enough ATP energy is available. ...
... B) be turned off when enough (ATP) energy is available. C) be turned on when more (ATP) energy is needed. D) be regulated in a dual way, both by activation when more ATP energy is needed and by inactivation when enough ATP energy is available. ...
BIOL 202
... Ð Ð globular proteins Ð Ð specific for substrate (reactant) and product Ð Ð pH and temperature sensitive and specific (affects ...
... Ð Ð globular proteins Ð Ð specific for substrate (reactant) and product Ð Ð pH and temperature sensitive and specific (affects ...
2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules
... – An organism may have thousands of different enzymes – Each is specific to one chemical reaction ...
... – An organism may have thousands of different enzymes – Each is specific to one chemical reaction ...
Advances around technologies investigating mitochondrial function
... metabolism. Here are the Krebs cycle enzymes and the electron transfer chain (ETC) enzymes, which transduce energy substrates into a usable form of energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and heat. Mitochondrion literally burns glucose, fatty acids and amino acids into CO2 and water, consuming oxygen. ...
... metabolism. Here are the Krebs cycle enzymes and the electron transfer chain (ETC) enzymes, which transduce energy substrates into a usable form of energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and heat. Mitochondrion literally burns glucose, fatty acids and amino acids into CO2 and water, consuming oxygen. ...
File
... • Enzymes are made up of long chains of amino acids • Enzymes attach to substrates in order to work • Most enzymes have globular shapes with active sites – Where the substrate binds ...
... • Enzymes are made up of long chains of amino acids • Enzymes attach to substrates in order to work • Most enzymes have globular shapes with active sites – Where the substrate binds ...
Cellular Respiration and Combustion
... sugars into ATP WITHOUT oxygen. Fermentation is also called anaerobic cellular respiration C6H12O6 → CO2 + C2H6O + 2ATP Balance the equation now. ...
... sugars into ATP WITHOUT oxygen. Fermentation is also called anaerobic cellular respiration C6H12O6 → CO2 + C2H6O + 2ATP Balance the equation now. ...
How Cells Harvest Energy from Food
... molecule from ADP (an endergonic reaction). This transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a substrate to ADP is called substrate-level phosphorylation. In the process, electrons and hydrogen atoms are extracted and donated to a carrier molecule called NAD+. The NAD+ carries the electrons as NA ...
... molecule from ADP (an endergonic reaction). This transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a substrate to ADP is called substrate-level phosphorylation. In the process, electrons and hydrogen atoms are extracted and donated to a carrier molecule called NAD+. The NAD+ carries the electrons as NA ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Getting energy to make atp
... NADH & FADH2 (from Kreb’s Cycle) deliver energized electrons Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH 2 converts to 2 ATP ...
... NADH & FADH2 (from Kreb’s Cycle) deliver energized electrons Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH 2 converts to 2 ATP ...
Supplementary Materials and Methods
... in presence of the adenylate kinase inhibitor P1,P5-di(adenosine-5') pentaphosphate (0.1 mM) and the Complex I substrates (1 mM malate plus 1 mM pyruvate). After addition of 0.1 mM ADP, chemiluminescence was determined as a function of time with a luminometer. The chemiluminescence signal was calib ...
... in presence of the adenylate kinase inhibitor P1,P5-di(adenosine-5') pentaphosphate (0.1 mM) and the Complex I substrates (1 mM malate plus 1 mM pyruvate). After addition of 0.1 mM ADP, chemiluminescence was determined as a function of time with a luminometer. The chemiluminescence signal was calib ...
Enzymes
... releasing), the reactants must absorb energy from their surroundings, the free energy of activation or activation energy (EA), to break the bonds. ...
... releasing), the reactants must absorb energy from their surroundings, the free energy of activation or activation energy (EA), to break the bonds. ...
Gluconeogenesis Precursors for Gluconeogenesis
... – Costs ATP to make driving force for next reaction – First step in biosynthesis of glucose and many other molecules • Related to which amino acid? ...
... – Costs ATP to make driving force for next reaction – First step in biosynthesis of glucose and many other molecules • Related to which amino acid? ...
electron configuration
... (less reactive) • In addition to full outer EL’s, there are other econfigurations of high relative stability: filled ...
... (less reactive) • In addition to full outer EL’s, there are other econfigurations of high relative stability: filled ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.