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K,Mg,Ca,Na… 0,4%
... 6.2. Nutrient uptake Passive (simple) diffusion Nutrients moving from a region of higher concentration to one of lower (influence of concentration gradient) – ions, glycerol, O2, CO2 – no energy consumption Osmosis Some solvent molecules and water move across membrane Isotonic – Hypotonic - Hyp ...
... 6.2. Nutrient uptake Passive (simple) diffusion Nutrients moving from a region of higher concentration to one of lower (influence of concentration gradient) – ions, glycerol, O2, CO2 – no energy consumption Osmosis Some solvent molecules and water move across membrane Isotonic – Hypotonic - Hyp ...
Creatine Kinase
... Creatine Kinase Different isoforms depending on location Coupled to sites of energy production or consumption ...
... Creatine Kinase Different isoforms depending on location Coupled to sites of energy production or consumption ...
Cell Respiration
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
View/Open - Oregon State University
... pathway requires two ATPs to start the process and generates 4 ATPS (for a net of two ATPs) per glucose. Also generated during glycolysis are two NADH and two molecules of pyruvate. 2. The two NADHs produced in glycolysis are a factor in determining which pathways is taken after pyruvate is produced ...
... pathway requires two ATPs to start the process and generates 4 ATPS (for a net of two ATPs) per glucose. Also generated during glycolysis are two NADH and two molecules of pyruvate. 2. The two NADHs produced in glycolysis are a factor in determining which pathways is taken after pyruvate is produced ...
CARBOHYDRATES: METABOLISM (cont.)
... glucose molecules are joined to form a strand of glucose beads (glycogen); a process that operates when the blood glucose level increases above the midpoint of its normal range (Figures 27-14 and 27-15) • Done by all cells of the body but liver and muscle cells store the most glycogen; astrocytes in ...
... glucose molecules are joined to form a strand of glucose beads (glycogen); a process that operates when the blood glucose level increases above the midpoint of its normal range (Figures 27-14 and 27-15) • Done by all cells of the body but liver and muscle cells store the most glycogen; astrocytes in ...
Lesson Objective: Vocabulary: Lesson Question: Focus Question
... triphosphate (ATP) by breaking down organic compounds. Both autotrophs and heterotrophy undergo cellular respiration to breakdown organic compounds into simpler molecules to release energy. Some energy is used to make ATP which is then used by the cells to do work. The figure below shows that ...
... triphosphate (ATP) by breaking down organic compounds. Both autotrophs and heterotrophy undergo cellular respiration to breakdown organic compounds into simpler molecules to release energy. Some energy is used to make ATP which is then used by the cells to do work. The figure below shows that ...
Energy and Respiration
... Some organisms can respire in the absence of air: this is anaerobic respiration. This does not release so much energy and it produces more toxic waste products. When Oxygen is not available, anaerobic respiration also occurs in humans. Anaerobic respiration can take place during vigorous exercise, b ...
... Some organisms can respire in the absence of air: this is anaerobic respiration. This does not release so much energy and it produces more toxic waste products. When Oxygen is not available, anaerobic respiration also occurs in humans. Anaerobic respiration can take place during vigorous exercise, b ...
Chapter 6
... 6.2 Aerobic Cellular Respiration—An Overview 4. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in three stages. Name these and briefly describe what happens in each stage. Glycolysis results in a glucose molecule being broken down to two pyruvic acid molecules. Initially 2 ATPs are used, but ultimately 4 ATP ...
... 6.2 Aerobic Cellular Respiration—An Overview 4. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in three stages. Name these and briefly describe what happens in each stage. Glycolysis results in a glucose molecule being broken down to two pyruvic acid molecules. Initially 2 ATPs are used, but ultimately 4 ATP ...
CELL METABOLISM
... 3. The recharged ATP is released into the cell and used by a chemical rx that needs it. 4. How does the ATP know where to go in the cell to do the cell’s work? It doesn't have to "know." There is such a high density of them (tens of millions) diffusing throughout the cell that, unlike police officer ...
... 3. The recharged ATP is released into the cell and used by a chemical rx that needs it. 4. How does the ATP know where to go in the cell to do the cell’s work? It doesn't have to "know." There is such a high density of them (tens of millions) diffusing throughout the cell that, unlike police officer ...
3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
... A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Exocytosis: • is the process of releasing substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with a membrane. • ...
... A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Exocytosis: • is the process of releasing substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with a membrane. • ...
2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules
... – An organism may have thousands of different enzymes – Each is specific to one chemical reaction ...
... – An organism may have thousands of different enzymes – Each is specific to one chemical reaction ...
cell metabolism
... 3. The recharged ATP is released into the cell and used by a chemical rx that needs it. 4. How does the ATP know where to go in the cell to do the cell’s work? It doesn't have to "know." There is such a high density of them (tens of millions) diffusing throughout the cell that, unlike police officer ...
... 3. The recharged ATP is released into the cell and used by a chemical rx that needs it. 4. How does the ATP know where to go in the cell to do the cell’s work? It doesn't have to "know." There is such a high density of them (tens of millions) diffusing throughout the cell that, unlike police officer ...
Anaerobic Digestion Basics and Microbiology
... Anaerobic digestion is carried out by facultative and anaerobic organisms Anaerobic organisms are organisms that don't use oxygen for their oxidation metabolisms Aerobic organisms use oxygen for oxidation metabolisms Facultative microorganisms have both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways ...
... Anaerobic digestion is carried out by facultative and anaerobic organisms Anaerobic organisms are organisms that don't use oxygen for their oxidation metabolisms Aerobic organisms use oxygen for oxidation metabolisms Facultative microorganisms have both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways ...
Biology 231
... Types of Reactions anabolic reactions (synthesis) – smaller reactants combine to form larger products; requires energy input catabolic reactions (decomposition) – larger reactants broken down into smaller products; releases energy Energy of Chemical Reactions activation energy – energy investment ne ...
... Types of Reactions anabolic reactions (synthesis) – smaller reactants combine to form larger products; requires energy input catabolic reactions (decomposition) – larger reactants broken down into smaller products; releases energy Energy of Chemical Reactions activation energy – energy investment ne ...
Organization: The 6 Essential Elements
... Metabolism includes digestion and production. Metabolism (chemical reactions) requires certain conditions to occur. Enzymes regulate metabolism, allowing life to continue. Metabolism (each reaction) has a small range of temperature and pH at which it can proceed. Each reaction also needs some energy ...
... Metabolism includes digestion and production. Metabolism (chemical reactions) requires certain conditions to occur. Enzymes regulate metabolism, allowing life to continue. Metabolism (each reaction) has a small range of temperature and pH at which it can proceed. Each reaction also needs some energy ...
Enzymes
... • Large molecules made of various amino acids • Act as catalysts to speed up reactions w/out being destroyed – Highly specific – Lowers energy of activation level ...
... • Large molecules made of various amino acids • Act as catalysts to speed up reactions w/out being destroyed – Highly specific – Lowers energy of activation level ...
ATP BCH 341
... ATP is a nucleotide. It consists of adenine (6 amino derivative of purine, the 5-carbon sugar,ribose, attached to adenine through glucosyl linkage and 3 phosphate group joined to 5‘-position of ribose. ATP is high energy compound because it has a large negative free energy of hydrolysis. ...
... ATP is a nucleotide. It consists of adenine (6 amino derivative of purine, the 5-carbon sugar,ribose, attached to adenine through glucosyl linkage and 3 phosphate group joined to 5‘-position of ribose. ATP is high energy compound because it has a large negative free energy of hydrolysis. ...
File - Wk 1-2
... 3. Outline the citric acid cycle, listing the main substrates and products of the cycle and the role of the cycle in providing reducing equivalents for the electron transport chain. The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occurs in the mitacholdria of the cell and occurs in the presence of oxygen (aero ...
... 3. Outline the citric acid cycle, listing the main substrates and products of the cycle and the role of the cycle in providing reducing equivalents for the electron transport chain. The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occurs in the mitacholdria of the cell and occurs in the presence of oxygen (aero ...
4.1Atoms and Isotopes
... An atom is composed of a central nucleus which consists of protons and neutrons, along with orbiting electrons that exist within ‘clouds’ or orbitals. These protons, neutrons, and electrons are commonly known as SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES. ...
... An atom is composed of a central nucleus which consists of protons and neutrons, along with orbiting electrons that exist within ‘clouds’ or orbitals. These protons, neutrons, and electrons are commonly known as SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES. ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
... The process of Respiration uses the oxygen we breathe and glucose (a carbohydrate in our diet), to produce energy plus waste products of carbon dioxide and and water. The chemical reaction is as follows: ...
... The process of Respiration uses the oxygen we breathe and glucose (a carbohydrate in our diet), to produce energy plus waste products of carbon dioxide and and water. The chemical reaction is as follows: ...
Glycolysis 1
... Standard free energy for this reaction is relatively small (∆Gº’ = +1.7 kJ/mol), meaning that the overall metabolic energy available from 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate is similar. But, Traps the phosphate group in an unstable enol form, resulting in a dramatic increase in the phosphoryl ...
... Standard free energy for this reaction is relatively small (∆Gº’ = +1.7 kJ/mol), meaning that the overall metabolic energy available from 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate is similar. But, Traps the phosphate group in an unstable enol form, resulting in a dramatic increase in the phosphoryl ...
Respiration
... • Oxygen acts as the final acceptor of electrons in the ETC. • Without oxygen – LR, K’sC and ETC cannot occur. ...
... • Oxygen acts as the final acceptor of electrons in the ETC. • Without oxygen – LR, K’sC and ETC cannot occur. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.